Approaches studies and AO3

Question 1

AO1 for ORIGINS OF PSYCHOLOGY

Answer 1

• Wilhelm Wundt = father of psychology
• study brain scientifically using scientific method (objective, systematic, replicable)
• break down into basic elements- structualism
• introspection- gain insight into mental processes by reflecting objectively

Question 2

AO3 for ORIGINS OF PSYCHOLOGY

Answer 2

• Not reliable (not observable)
• Inaccurate
• Social desirability bias

Question 3

AO1 for BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH

Answer 3

-Result of learning
- Classical- Pavlov- association
UCS (food) -> UCR (salivation)
UCS + NS (bell) -> UCR
CS -> CR
- Timing, extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalisation

• Operany- B.F. Skinner- reinforcement- rats, lever
  +ive re = add reward
  -ive re = removal of -ive stimulus
  +ive pun = add consequence
  -ive pun = removal of positive consequence

Question 4

AO3 for BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH

Answer 4

• Animal studies (humans have more free will)
• Nature nurture (born as blank slates but are some innate for survival?)
• Environmental reductionism (s-r)

Question 5

AO1 for SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

Answer 5

• Observation and copying
• modelling- if rewarded and observed/ copied = vicarious reinforcement
• Attention, Retention, Production, Motivation
• Mediational thought processes- free will- pros and cons

Question 6

AO3 for SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

Answer 6

• Bandura
• Use of free will
• Environmental reductionism (s-r)

Question 7

AO1 for COGNITIVE APPROACH (5)

Answer 7

• Internal mental processes- not directly studied- infer
• Role of schemas
• Theoretical models
• Computer models
• Neuroscience

Question 8

AO3 for COGNITIVE APPROACH

Answer 8

• Soft determinism (controlled by MT Processes but free will to attend to info)
• Mostly scientific
• Nomothetic

Question 9

AO1 for BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

Answer 9

• Genes- gen to gen- genotype, showm in phenotype
• Heritability- amount of variation within population
• Biological structures- nervous system, brain
• Neurochemistry and hormones- neurotransmitters (EPSP, IPSP), hormones- endocrine glands

Question 10

AO3 for BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

Answer 10

• Biological determinism
• Nomothetic
• Scientific

Question 11

AO1 for HUMANISTIC APPROACH

Answer 11

• Free will
• Maslows hierarchy of needs (physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualisation)
• conditions of worth (conditional positive regard)
• Focus on self- Rogers (positive regard from others, self worth)
• congruence
• counselling

Question 12

AO3 for HUMANISTIC APPROACH

Answer 12

• Free will
• Holistic
• Not scientific

Question 13

AO1 for PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

Answer 13

• Freud
• Unconscious mind- exerts massive influence- Freudian Slips
• Structure of personality- id= unconscious- pleasure, libido. Ego= conscious- reality. Superego- conscious- conscience
• Defence mechanisms- reduce anxiety- Repression, Denial, Displacement, Regression, Projection

Question 14

AO3 for PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

Answer 14

• Nomothetic and Idiographic
• Not scientific
• Psychic determinism