Approaches Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those functions affecting behaviour in a given context

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2
Q

Science

A

A means of acquiring knowledge through systematic and objective investigation. The aim is to discover general laws

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3
Q

Introspection

A

The first systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations

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4
Q

Behaviourist Approach

A

A way of explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable and in terms of learning

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5
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Learning by association

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6
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Learning by consequences

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7
Q

Reinforcement

A

A consequence of behaviour that increases the likelihood of that behaviour being repeated. It can be positive or negative.

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8
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

A way of explaining behaviour that includes both direct and indirect reinforcement, combining learning theory with the role of cognitive factors

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9
Q

Imitation

A

Copying the behaviour of others

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10
Q

Modelling

A

Either imitating the behaviour of a role model OR the precise demonstration of a specific behaviour that could be imitated by the observer

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11
Q

Vicarious Reinforcement

A

Reinforcement which is not directly experienced but occurs through observing being reinforced for a behaviour

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12
Q

Mediational Processes

A

Cognitive factors that influence learning and come between stimulus and response

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13
Q

Cognitive Approach

A

An approach focused on how our mental processes affect our behaviour

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14
Q

Internal Mental Processes

A

“Private” operations of the mind such as perception and attention that mediate between stimulus and response

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15
Q

Schema

A

A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing. They are developed from experience

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16
Q

Inference

A

The process whereby cognitive psychologists draw conclusions about the way mental processes operate on the basic of observed behaviour

17
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

The scientific study of biological structures that underpin cognitive processes

18
Q

Biological Approach

A

A perspective that empathises the importance of physical processes in the body such as inheritance and neural functions

19
Q

Genes

A

They make up chromosomes and consist of DNA which codes physical features and psychological features. Genes are inherited

20
Q

Biological Structure

A

An arrangement or organism of parts to form a organ, system or living thing

21
Q

Neurochemistry

A

Relating to chemical in the brain that regulates psychological functioning

22
Q

Genotype

A

The particular set of genes that a person has

23
Q

Phenotype

A

The characteristics of an individual determined by both genes and the environment

24
Q

Evolution

A

The changes in inherited characteristics in a biological population over successive generations

25
Psychodynamic Approach
A perspective that describes the different forces, most of which are unconscious, that operate on the mind and direct human behaviour and experience
26
The Unconscious
The part of the mind that we are unaware of but which continues to direct most of our behaviour
27
Id
Entirely unconscious, the id is made up of selfish aggressive instincts that demand immediate gratification
28
Ego
The "reality check", that balances the conflicting demands of the id and the superego
29
Superego
The moralistic part of our personality which represents the ideal self, how we ought to be
30
Defence Mechanisms
Unconscious strategies that the ego uses to manage the conflict between the id and the superego
31
Psychosexual Stages
Five developmental stages that all children pass through. At each stage there is a different conflict, the outcome of which determines future development
32
Humanistic Psychology Approach
An approach to understand behaviour that emphasises the importance of subjective experience and each persons capacity for self determination
33
Free Will
The notion that humans can make choices and are not determined by biological or external forces
34
Self Actualisation
The desire to grow psychologically and fulfil one's full potential-becoming what you are capable of
35
Hierarchy of Needs
A five levelled hierarchical sequence in which basic needs must be satisfied before higher psychological needs can be achieved
36
Self
The ideas and values that characterise "I" and "Me" and includes perception and valuing of "What I Am" and "What I Can Do"
37
Congruence
The aim of Rogerian therapy, when the self concept and ideal self are seen to broadly accord or match
38
Conditions of Worth
When a parent places limits or boundaries on their love of their children