approaches for offending

Question 1

when was it created

Answer 1

1870

Question 1

who created the historical approach

Answer 1

lombroso

Question 2

what did Lombroso say about criminals

Answer 2

said that criminals have physical characteristics have more primitive stages of development

Question 3

what where these features called

Answer 3

atavistic features

Question 4

how did Lombroso carry out his experiment

Answer 4

used 4,000 Italian criminals and 400 dead ones and studied them

Question 5

findings of this study

Answer 5

said that the atavistic features where a heavy jaw, large strong jaw, large ears, extra nipples and extra finger/toes

Question 6

Other research on atavistic features

Answer 6

Goring- compared London convicts with a control group. He failed to replicate lombroso’s study and showed there was no link.
Hooton- found features but they were different to lombrosos feature findings

Question 7

positives of the historical approach

Answer 7

• it was progressive for the time as before they believe criminality stemmed for a religious stand point.
• features may be linked to committing crimes
  counterpoint- but Agnew for that these linked to criminality as they would be met with unappealing comments which would have made them feel self conscious due to having undesirable features

Question 8

negatives of the historical approach

Answer 8

• there was no control group as he only measured facial features. it has had to draw a conclusion, only correlations can be established
• lombroso may have included disabled people in his sample which would skew the results as some disabilities have an impact on physical appearance.
• unhelpful stereotype which can lead people into being classed as criminals when they are not

Question 9

studies for genetic relation to criminality

Answer 9

twin studies, family studies and adoption studies

Question 10

twin studies example

Answer 10

christiansen reviewed 3586 pairs of twins. MZ twins has a 35% concordance rate and DZ twins had a 13% concordance rate. this shows there is some genetic explanation

Question 11

family studies example

Answer 11

farrington found that 75% of people with a criminal mum and a criminal dad were also offenders themselves

Question 12

adoption studies example

Answer 12

children had behaviours 16% similar to adopted parents and 43% similar to there birth parents. shows that even though they didn’t grow up with them they still influenced there behaviour some how

Question 13

positives of the genetic approach

Answer 13

• MZ twins had a higher concordance rate then DZ twins
• it would explain why adopted children are more similar to biological parents as they have had to influence environmentally from them
• there is studies to back it up

Question 14

negatives of the genetic approach

Answer 14

• if genetics was the only explanation, MZ concordance rate would be 100% and DZ would have 50% but it isn’t so there must be external factors.
• MZ twins are treated more similarly as they look the same so would explain why they are more alike.
• The stress of adoption could lead to offending behaviours and not a genetic influence from their biological parents

Question 15

what is Eysenck’s theory of the criminal personality

Answer 15

he believed that all personalities are made up of certain traits and the level you work at them traits determines your personality.

Question 16

what is Eysenck’s three personalities

Answer 16

extraversion- social, impulsive, expressive and risk taking.
neuroticism- nervous, anxious, obsessive
psychoticism- insensitive, unconventional and lacks conscience.