Approaches AO1- Yr1 and Yr2 Flashcards
Revision of the approaches before they are incorporated with the issues and debates
What are the 6 approaches?
Biological, Behavioural, SLT, Cognitive, Humanistic, Psychodynamic
Define congruence in the humanistic approach
When there is consistency between ideal self and actual self
How is castration anxiety resolved?
They have this until their Oedipus complex is resolved
What are the 5 levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs from bottom to top?
Physiological needs, safety, belonging/love, self-esteem, self-actualisation
What is the id in the psychodynamic approach?
Part of personality that wants immediate gratification - operates according to pleasure principle
What are the 3 assumptions of the humanistic approach?
Study the whole person, humans have personal agency (free will) and humans seek to reach self-actualisation
what are the assumptions of the psychodynamic approach?
Unconscious processes, Personality has 3 parts (id, ego, superego) or, early childhood experiences determine adult personality
Describe the phallic stage
Interest in own genitals, development of superego - oedipus/electra complex resolved
What’s the pleasure zone and primary drive of the anal stage in the psychodynamic approach?
Pleasure zone: Anus
Primary drive: holding/ disarding faeces
Define unconditional positive regard in the humanistic approach
Humans need praise, love and acceptance from the significant people in their lives with no standards of worth
Name the psychosexual stages in order in the psychodynamic approach
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital
In the humanistic approach, give an example of conditions of worth
eg. ‘I will only love you if you study medicine’
What happens if you become fixated on the Genital stage in the psychodynamic approach?
May not reach maturity, focus may not shift from own bodies
When did the humanistic approach originate?
1950’s
Give 2 examples of a physiological need (in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs)
eg, sex, food, water, sleep
What happens if you become fixated in the oral stage in the psychodynamic approach?
Behaviour: smoking, chewing pencils, sucking thumb
Personality: impatient, dependent, greedy
What is the superego in the psychodynamic approach?
Includes conscious (tells us what we shouldn’t do)
Develops in later childhood from identification with same-sex parent
Internalises moral rules and societal norms
In the humanistic approach, what are conditions of worth?
The placement of limits or boundaries on parents love for their children
What is client centred therapy?
Client guides discussion - going at clients pace
How do we progress through each level on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Needs must be met before you can reach next level
What’s the pleasure zone and primary drive for the Latent stage in the psychodynamic approach?
N/A - trick question hehe
What research method does the humanistic approach primarily use?
qualitative methods eg. case studies, open-ended questions
Define repression
Forcing a distressing memory out of your conscious mind
What are the effects of unconditional positive regard in the humanistic approach?
People develop a healthy sense of self-worth and are able to recognise abilities and difficulties
What is the latent stage in the psychodynamic approach ?
Repression of sexual drives due to resolution of oedipus/electra complex - energy directed into friendships and hobbies
What can occur if fixated in the phallic stage in the psychodynamic approach?
Homosexuality, authority problems, rejection of appropriate gender roles
What therapy has been developed from the Humanist approach?
Rogers: Client centred therapy
What is the ego in the psychodynamic approach?
Decision making part of personality - operates the reality principle, managing the id and superego conflict
Give an example of displacement
eg. kicking a chair because a friend cancels plans
Define denial
Refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality
What is self-actualisation?
Desire to grow psychologically - becoming what you are capable of
What will happen if you feel as though you don’t belong according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Become lonely, withdrawn and feel rejected
What type of anxiety does freud claim that boys have and why?
Castration anxiety - fear that their father will discover their subconscious feelings for their mother and castrate them.
What 3 things will effective ‘client centred therapists’ provide?
genuineness, empathy, unconditional positive regard
What research method does the humanistic approach reject and why?
Scientific methods eg. lab studies - They look at individuals
What’s the purpose of defence mechanisms in the psychodynamic approach ?
To protect the ego from the id/superego conflict
In the humanistic approach, how does incongruence occur and what are the negative effects?
When the gap between actual self and ideal self widens - Low self-esteem and maladjustment (self-actualisation = not possible)
What environment is established in client centred therapy?
Non-judgemental environment
What does self-determining mean according to the humanistic approach?
Active agents who are able to determine our own pathway
Outline the electra complex
Girls desire their fathers and blame their mother before they identify with them and internalise their mothers identity. ‘Penis envy’ replaced with desire for a baby
What are 3 of the assumptions for the biological approach?
All behaviour can be explained by biological causes, mind lives in the brain, animal research can inform us about human behaviour
What is the biological approach?
Physiological explanations to define behaviour
What research methods does the biological approach use?
Lab exp: twin studies, family studies, adoption studies, animal testing, brain scans
What’s the difference between a phenotype and genotype?
Genotype: Genetic constitution of an individual organism
Phenotype: Observable characteristics as a result of the interaction between the genotype and the environment
What do adoption studies entail in the biological approach?
Comparing a characteristic between adoptive children and their adoptive/biological parents
