Approaches AO1- Yr1 and Yr2

Question 1

What are the 6 approaches?

Answer 1

Biological, Behavioural, SLT, Cognitive, Humanistic, Psychodynamic

Question 2

Define congruence in the humanistic approach

Answer 2

When there is consistency between ideal self and actual self

Question 3

How is castration anxiety resolved?

Answer 3

They have this until their Oedipus complex is resolved

Question 4

What are the 5 levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs from bottom to top?

Answer 4

Physiological needs, safety, belonging/love, self-esteem, self-actualisation

Question 5

What is the id in the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 5

Part of personality that wants immediate gratification - operates according to pleasure principle

Question 6

What are the 3 assumptions of the humanistic approach?

Answer 6

Study the whole person, humans have personal agency (free will) and humans seek to reach self-actualisation

Question 7

what are the assumptions of the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 7

Unconscious processes, Personality has 3 parts (id, ego, superego) or, early childhood experiences determine adult personality

Question 8

Describe the phallic stage

Answer 8

Interest in own genitals, development of superego - oedipus/electra complex resolved

Question 9

What’s the pleasure zone and primary drive of the anal stage in the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 9

Pleasure zone: Anus
Primary drive: holding/ disarding faeces

Question 10

Define unconditional positive regard in the humanistic approach

Answer 10

Humans need praise, love and acceptance from the significant people in their lives with no standards of worth

Question 11

Name the psychosexual stages in order in the psychodynamic approach

Answer 11

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital

Question 12

In the humanistic approach, give an example of conditions of worth

Answer 12

eg. ‘I will only love you if you study medicine’

Question 13

What happens if you become fixated on the Genital stage in the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 13

May not reach maturity, focus may not shift from own bodies

Question 14

When did the humanistic approach originate?

Answer 14

1950’s

Question 15

Give 2 examples of a physiological need (in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs)

Answer 15

eg, sex, food, water, sleep

Question 16

What happens if you become fixated in the oral stage in the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 16

Behaviour: smoking, chewing pencils, sucking thumb
Personality: impatient, dependent, greedy

Question 17

What is the superego in the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 17

Includes conscious (tells us what we shouldn’t do)
Develops in later childhood from identification with same-sex parent
Internalises moral rules and societal norms

Question 18

In the humanistic approach, what are conditions of worth?

Answer 18

The placement of limits or boundaries on parents love for their children

Question 19

What is client centred therapy?

Answer 19

Client guides discussion - going at clients pace

Question 20

How do we progress through each level on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 20

Needs must be met before you can reach next level

Question 21

What’s the pleasure zone and primary drive for the Latent stage in the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 21

N/A - trick question hehe

Question 22

What research method does the humanistic approach primarily use?

Answer 22

qualitative methods eg. case studies, open-ended questions

Question 23

Define repression

Answer 23

Forcing a distressing memory out of your conscious mind

Question 24

What are the effects of unconditional positive regard in the humanistic approach?

Answer 24

People develop a healthy sense of self-worth and are able to recognise abilities and difficulties

Question 25

What is the latent stage in the psychodynamic approach ?

Answer 25

Repression of sexual drives due to resolution of oedipus/electra complex - energy directed into friendships and hobbies

Question 26

What can occur if fixated in the phallic stage in the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 26

Homosexuality, authority problems, rejection of appropriate gender roles

Question 27

What therapy has been developed from the Humanist approach?

Answer 27

Rogers: Client centred therapy

Question 28

What is the ego in the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 28

Decision making part of personality - operates the reality principle, managing the id and superego conflict

Question 29

Give an example of displacement

Answer 29

eg. kicking a chair because a friend cancels plans

Question 30

Define denial

Answer 30

Refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality

Question 31

What is self-actualisation?

Answer 31

Desire to grow psychologically - becoming what you are capable of

Question 32

What will happen if you feel as though you don’t belong according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 32

Become lonely, withdrawn and feel rejected

Question 33

What type of anxiety does freud claim that boys have and why?

Answer 33

Castration anxiety - fear that their father will discover their subconscious feelings for their mother and castrate them.

Question 34

What 3 things will effective ‘client centred therapists’ provide?

Answer 34

genuineness, empathy, unconditional positive regard

Question 35

What research method does the humanistic approach reject and why?

Answer 35

Scientific methods eg. lab studies - They look at individuals

Question 36

What’s the purpose of defence mechanisms in the psychodynamic approach ?

Answer 36

To protect the ego from the id/superego conflict

Question 37

In the humanistic approach, how does incongruence occur and what are the negative effects?

Answer 37

When the gap between actual self and ideal self widens - Low self-esteem and maladjustment (self-actualisation = not possible)

Question 38

What environment is established in client centred therapy?

Answer 38

Non-judgemental environment

Question 39

What does self-determining mean according to the humanistic approach?

Answer 39

Active agents who are able to determine our own pathway

Question 40

Outline the electra complex

Answer 40

Girls desire their fathers and blame their mother before they identify with them and internalise their mothers identity. ‘Penis envy’ replaced with desire for a baby

Question 41

What are 3 of the assumptions for the biological approach?

Answer 41

All behaviour can be explained by biological causes, mind lives in the brain, animal research can inform us about human behaviour

Question 42

What is the biological approach?

Answer 42

Physiological explanations to define behaviour

Question 43

What research methods does the biological approach use?

Answer 43

Lab exp: twin studies, family studies, adoption studies, animal testing, brain scans

Question 44

What’s the difference between a phenotype and genotype?

Answer 44

Genotype: Genetic constitution of an individual organism

Phenotype: Observable characteristics as a result of the interaction between the genotype and the environment

Question 45

What do adoption studies entail in the biological approach?

Answer 45

Comparing a characteristic between adoptive children and their adoptive/biological parents