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Psychology paper 2 > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of the human mind and its functions especially those functions affecting behaviour in a given context.

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2
Q

Science

A

A means of acquiring knowledge through systematic and objective investigation. The aim is to discover general laws.

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3
Q

Introspection

A

The first systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations

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4
Q

Behaviourist approach

A

A way of explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable and in terms of learning.

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5
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning by association.occurs when 2 stimuli are repeatedly paired together (an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus.) The neutral stimulus eventually produces the same response that was the first produced by the unlearned stimulus alone.

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6
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A form of learning in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences. Possible consequences of behaviour includes positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or punishment.

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7
Q

Reinforcement

A

A consequence of behaviour that increases the likelihood of that behaviour being repeated. Can be positive/negative.

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8
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

a way of explaining behaviour that includes both direct and indirect reinforcement, combining learning theory with the role of cognitive factors.

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9
Q

Imitation

A

Copying the behaviour of others.

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10
Q

Identification

A

When an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like the role model.

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11
Q

Modelling

A

From the observer’s perspective, modelling is imitating the behaviour of a role model. From the role model’s perspective, modelling is the precise demonstration of a specific behaviour that may be imitated by an observer.

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12
Q

Vicarious Reinforcement

A

Reinforcement which isn’t directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour. This is a key factor in imitation.

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13
Q

Mediational Processes

A

Cognitive factors (thinking) that influence learning and come between stimulus and response.

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14
Q

Cognitive Approach

A

This approach is focused on how our mental processes affect behaviour.

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15
Q

Internal Mental Processes

A

Private operations of the mind such as perception and attention that mediate between stimulus and response.

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16
Q

Schema

A

A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing. They are developed from experience.

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17
Q

Inference

A

The process whereby cognitive psychologists draw conclusions about the way mental processes operate on the basis of the observed behaviour.

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18
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

The scientific study of biological structures that underpin cognitive processes.

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19
Q

Biological Approach

A

A perspective that emphasises the importance of physical processes in the body such as genetic inheritance and neural function.

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20
Q

Genes

A

They make up chromosomes and consist of DNA which codes the physical features of an organism and psychological features. Genes are transmitted from parents to offspring.

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21
Q

Biological Structure

A

An arrangement or organisation of parts to form an organ, system or living thing.

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22
Q

Neurochemistry

A

Relating to chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological functioning.

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23
Q

Genotype

A

The particular set of genes that a person possesses.

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24
Q

Phenotype

A

The characteristics of an individual determined by both genes and the environment.

25
Q

Evolution

A

The changes in inherited characteristics in a biological population over successive generations.

26
Q

Nervous system

A

Consists of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

27
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Consists of the brain and the spinal cord and is the origin of all complex commands and decisions.

28
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Sends information to he CNS from the outside world and transmits messages from the CNS to muscles and glands in the body.

29
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Transmits information from receptor cells in the sense organ to the CNS. It also receives information from the CNS that directs muscles to act.

30
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Transmits information to and from internal bodily organs. It is autonomic as the system operates involuntarily. It has 2 main divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

31
Q

Neuron

A

The basic building blocks of the nervous system, neurons are nerve cells that process and transmit messages through electrical and chemical signals.

32
Q

Sensory neurons

A

These carry messages from the PNS to the CNS. They have long dendrites and short axons.

33
Q

Relay neurons

A

These connect the sensory neurons to the motor or other relay neurons. They have short dendrites and short axons.

34
Q

Motor Neurons

A

These connect the CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands. They have short dendrites and long axons.

35
Q

Psychodynamic approach

A

A perspective that describes the different forces most of which are unconscious that operate on the mind and direct human behaviour and experience.

36
Q

The unconscious

A

The part of the mind that we are unaware of but which continues to direct much of our behaviour.

37
Q

Id

A

Entirely unconscious the id is made up of selfish aggressive instincts that demand immediate gratification.

38
Q

Ego

A

The reality check that balances the conflicting demands of the Id and the superego.

39
Q

Superego

A

The moralistic part of our personality which represents the ideal self how we ought to be.

40
Q

Defence Mechanisms

A

Unconscious strategies that the ego uses to manage the conflict between the id and he superego.

41
Q

Psychosexual stages

A

5 developmental stages that all children pass through. At each stage there is a different conflict the outcome of which determines future development.

42
Q

Oral stage

A

0-1 years. Focus of pleasure is the mouth, mothers breast is object of desire. Oral fixation-smoking, biting nails, sarcastic, critical etc.

43
Q

Anal stage

A

1-3 years. Focus of pleasure is the anus. Child gains pleasure from withholding and expelling faeces. Anal retentive and anal expulsive.

44
Q

Anal retentive

A

perfectionist, obsessive

45
Q

Anal expulsive

A

thoughtless,messy

46
Q

Phallic stage

A

3-5 years. Focus of pleasure is the genital area. Child experiences the Oedipus or Electra complex. Phallic personality-narcissistic, reckless, possibly homosexual.

47
Q

Latency

A

Earlier conflicts are repressed

48
Q

Genital

A

Sexual desires become conscious alongside the onset of puberty. Difficulty forming heterosexual relationships.

49
Q

Repression

A

Forcing a distress memory out of the conscious mind

50
Q

Denial

A

Refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality.

51
Q

Displacement

A

Transferring feelings from true source of distressing emotion onto a substitute target.

52
Q

Humanistic psychology approach

A

An approach to understanding behaviour that emphasises the importance of subjective experience and each person’s capacity for self-determination.

53
Q

Free will

A

The notion that humans can make choices and are not determined by biological or external forces.

54
Q

self-actualisation

A

The desire to grow psychologically and fulfil one’s full potential-becoming what you are capable of.

55
Q

Hierarchy of needs

A

A 5-levelled hierarchal sequence in which basic needs must be satisfied before psychological needs can be achieved.

56
Q

Self

A

The ideas and values that characterise I and me and includes perception and valuing of ‘what I am’ and ‘what I can do.’

57
Q

Congruence

A

The aim of rogerian therapy; when the self-concept and ideal self are seen to broadly accord or match.

58
Q

Conditions of worth

A

When a parent places limits or boundaries on their love of their children; EG a parent saying to a child ‘I will only love you if you study medicine’ or ‘if you split up with that boy.’

Psychology paper 2 (3 decks)

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