Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology Paper 2 > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Behaviourism- Classical conditioning

A

Learning through association. Behaviour is a consequence of stimulus and response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Behaviourism- Stimulus

A

Something that causes a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Behaviourism- Response

A

A behaviour that results from a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Behaviourism- Pavlov 1902

A

Inserted small test tube in dogs cheek to measure the amount of saliva produced.
Food(UCS) - Dog drools (UCR)
Bell (NS) - Dog has no response
Food + bell - Dog drools (UCR)
Bell (CS) - Dog drools (CR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Behaviourism- Generalisation

A

When a similar stimulus to the learnt stimulus makes the same response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Behaviourism- Extinction

A

When a conditioned pairing decays over time. Conditioned stimuli aren’t permanente unless occasionally paired with UCS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Behaviourism- Timing

A

The neutral stimulus has to come directly after the conditioned stimulus or paired with it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Behaviourism- Spontaneous recovery

A

When a conditioned response can be relearnt quickly after a period of time when it had gone extinct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Behaviourism- Operant conditioning

A

Learning through consequences of behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Behaviourism- **Positive reinforcement **

A

A good consequence to a behaviour that makes it more likely for that behaviour to be repeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Behaviourism- Negative reinforcement

A

A behaviour that leads to an escape from an unpleasant situation that I creases the chance of the behaviour being repeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Behaviourism- Punishment

A

A negative consequence to a behaviour that makes it less likely for the person to repeat the behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Behaviourism- Skinner box

A

Starved rat in box with a food dropper - rat moves to the half with the lever and gets food pellet - only drops when rat is next to the lever -only drops when rat touches lever - only drops when rats paws press the lever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Behaviourism- Strengths

A

Real life application - phobia treatments (flooding/systematic desensitisation)
Scientific - measurements of behaviour e.g saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Behaviourism- Limitations

A

-Animals/generalisability animals and humans have different learning capabilities plus unethical
-Reductionist because saying humans are like machines, as well as ignoring other factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Behaviourism- Key assumptions

A

-Approach only concerned with observable behaviour that can be measured (not internal processes)
-Controlled lab studies to remove bias (objective)
-Animals used as experimental subjects because they are similar to humans

17
Q

Social learning theory- Key assumptions

A

-Behaviour is caused by indirect learning; observing and imitating role models

18
Q

Social learning theory- Vicarious reinforcement

A

Observing consequences of other people determines whether it is more or less likely for the observer to repeat the behaviour.

19
Q

Social learning theory- Mediational processes

A

Internal mental processes involved between observing and imitating
Attention-focusing in it
Retention-coding it into memory
Motor reproduction- the belief it can be copied
Motivation-belief benefits outweigh costs

20
Q

Social learning theory- Identification

A

People imitate role models they admire or relate to -(high status, likeable, attract, age, gender)

21
Q

Social learning theory- Modelling

A

The person that demonstrates the behaviour to be copied

22
Q

Social learning theory- Bandura et al (1961)

A

Lab experiment. Children watched video of aggressive or non-
aggressive adult. Children’s behaviour recorded in room with boho doll
Findings: Hostile acts and novel language, e.g. ‘Pow’, copied of the ones that watched aggressive model

23
Q

Social learning theory- Bandura and Walters (1963)

A

Three conditions: Aggressive model praised; aggressive model
punished; aggressive model no consequence.
Imitation depends on consequences. Praised copied most.

24
Q

Social learning theory- Strengths

A

-Real life application. Useful in education and prisons. Token economies reinforce people
-Less reductionist. Highlights importance of cognitive factors

25
Q

Social learning theory- Limitations

A

-Underestimates role of biology. Bandura found boys more agressive than girls which may be due to testosterone
-Controlled lab studies, demand characteristics. Children thought they were meant to hit the doll from knowing they were in an experiment

26
Q

Cognitive approach- Key assumptions

A
27
Q

Cognitive approach- Inferences

A

Assumptions/ conclusions

28
Q

Cognitive approach- Theoretical models

A

Visual representations/diagrams to explain information processing

29
Q

Cognitive approach- Computer analogy

A

The brain works like a computer, e.g. information is ‘coded’ in and is ‘stored’.

30
Q

Cognitive approach- Schema

A

Packages of information/ units of knowledge about aspects of the world based on experience. Give a mental framework for us to interpret information and become more detailed as we age

31
Q

Cognitive approach- Cognitive neuroscience

A

Scientific study of the influence of brain structures on internal mental process using brain scans, such as fMRI and EEG.

32
Q

Cognitive approach- Strengths

A

-Real life application. Led to CBT, effective talking therapy for depression. Also contributed to AI and developing of robots
-Uses scientific methods e.g lab
-Less determinist than other approaches. Have free will within the constraints of the mind.

33
Q

Cognitive approach- Limitations

A

-Lacks external validity
-Based on machine reductionism

34
Q

Biological approach- Key assumptions

A

-All behaviour that is physiological is at first biological
-The mind and body are one and the same
-Genes affect behaviour

35
Q

Biological approach- Genes influence behaviour

A

Psychological characteristics are inherited so specific genes are implicated in disorders e.g OCD

Psychology Paper 2 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions