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ALevel Psychology > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was Wilhelm Wundt?

A

Wilhelm Wundt was the first person viewed as a psychologist. He viewed psychology as a scientific study of conscious experience and studied this view using introspection

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2
Q

What is Introspection?

A

Introspection is a way of studying mental processes. It is a systematic analysis of our own conscious experience of a stimulus, i.e. it enables us to observe our inner world

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3
Q

What did Wundt argue about memory and perception?

A

Wundt argued that with training, mental processes such as memory and perception could be observed systematically as they occurred using introspection

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4
Q

What is Structuralism?

A

Studying the structure of the mind by breaking down behaviors into their basic element

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5
Q

What is a Strength of Wundt?

A

Controlled methods - all the introspections were recorded under strictly controlled stimulus, and this allowed procedures to be replicated every time, increasing reliability

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6
Q

What is a Weakness of Wundt?

A

No cause and effect established, and the data was subjective in that it varied from person to person. Results in Introspection were not reliably reproducible by other researchers in other laboratories, and the participant’s reports were unobservable

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7
Q

What is Empiricism?

A

Empiricism is the belief that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience i.e. observation and experience alone

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8
Q

What is considered to be a scientific method?

A

The use of investigative methods that are objective, systematic and reliable

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9
Q

What are the 2 assumptions of the Empiricism approach?

A

1) All behavior is caused (determined)
2) If behavior is determined, then it should be possible to predict how human beings would behave in different conditions.
(the techniques to explore these 2 are known as scientific methods)

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10
Q

What is Determinism?

A

The view that free will is an illusion, and that our behavior is governed by internal or external forces over which we have no control.

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11
Q

What is a Strength of Empiricism?

A

It uses scientific methods, this is a strength because it relies son a belief in determinism, cause and effect can be established using methods that are empirical and replicable

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12
Q

What is a Weakness of Empiricism?

A

Not all psychologists share the view that all human behavior can be explored by the use of scientific methods. This means that predictions become impossible and the methods are inappropriate

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13
Q

What is a Stimulus?

A

Anything, internal or external, that brings about a response

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14
Q

What is a Response?

A

Any reaction in the presence of the stimulus

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15
Q

What is a Neutral Stimulus (NS)?

A

A stimulus that does not naturally produce a response

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16
Q

What is an Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)?

A

A stimulus that produces a reflex response

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17
Q

What is an Unconditioned Response (UCR)?

A

An innate, reflex response

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18
Q

What is a Conditioned stimulus (CS)?

A

The stimulus which produces the learned response after an association had taken place

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19
Q

What is a Conditioned Response (CR)?

A

A learned response

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20
Q

What is Classical Conditioning?

A

Learning by Association. It occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together (an Neutral Stimulus and Unconditioned Stimulus)

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21
Q

What is an assumption of the Behaviorist approach?

A

All behavior is learnt from the environment

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22
Q

What is Behaviorism about?

A

Behaviorism is primarily related with observable behavior, as it is objective and scientifically measured

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23
Q

How did Pavlov discover the process of Classical Conditioning?

A

Through his conduction on a study of the salivation response in dogs

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24
Q

What was the Natural Stimulus in Pavlov’s study?

A

The Bell

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25
Q

What was the Unconditioned Stimulus in Pavlov’s study?

A

The Food

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26
Q

What was the Unconditioned Response in Pavlov’s study?

A

The Salivation

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27
Q

What was the Conditioned Stimulus in Pavlov’s study?

A

Salivation to the Bell after the association formed between the bell and the food (Bell)

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28
Q

What was the Conditioned Response in Pavlov’s study?

A

Salivation to the Bell after the association formed between the bell and the food (Salivation)

29
Q

What is Operant Conditioning?

A

The believe that all behavior is learnt as a result of consequences in our environment.
This involves learning through the consequences (positive/negative) of behavioral responses.

30
Q

Who suggested the idea of Operant Conditioning?

A

B.F. Skinner

31
Q

What is a Reinforcement?

A

A consequence of behavior that increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.

32
Q

What is a Punishment?

A

A consequence of behavior that decreases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.

33
Q

What is Positive Reinforcement?

A

You add a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior.

34
Q

What is Negative Reinforcement?

A

You remove an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior.

35
Q

What is Positive Punishment?

A

You add an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior.

36
Q

What is Negative Punishment?

A

You remove an aversive stimulus to decrease a behavior.

37
Q

What is Skinner’s box?

A

A box that isolates the subject from the external environment and has a behavior indicator such as a lever or a button.

When the animal pushes the button or lever, the box is able to deliver:
1) A positive reinforcement of the behavior (such as food).
2) A punishment (such as an electric shock).

38
Q

What is a Strength of Pavlov’s and Skinner’s study?

A

1) Real-life applications (e.g. behavior therapies + increased our understanding of the causes of phobias and attachment)
2) Objective measurement, which can be replicated and peer-reviewed
3) Clear predictions that can be can be scientifically tested

39
Q

What is a Weakness of Pavlov’s and Skinner’s study?

A

1) Reductionist – ignores biology
2) Deterministic (little free will)
3) Humanism – can’t compare animals
4) The experiments have low ecological validity

40
Q

What does Vicarious Reinforcement state?

A

Learning takes place through watching others receive a reward or consequence for a behavior

41
Q

Who proposed the Social Learning Theory (SLT)?

A

Bandura

42
Q

What is Social Learning Theory (SLT)?

A

SLT takes the principles of behaviorism, and it states that people (particularly children) learn via observation of a role model.

43
Q

What is Attention?

A

Noticing the behavior, being aware of it

44
Q

What is Retention?

A

Remembering the behavior and the mechanisms involved in it

45
Q

What is Reproduction?

A

Imitating the behavior, reproducing key features of it

46
Q

What is Motivation?

A

The desire to repeat the behavior, or the need to be rewarded for the behavior

47
Q

What 4 Mediational Processes can’t SLT be produced without?

A

A- Attention
R- Retention
R- Reproduction
M- Motivation

48
Q

How did Bandura prove his SLT approach?

A

Bandura’s (1961) Bobo Doll Study

49
Q

What is Identification?

A

An individual is influenced by a person’s behavior because they are similar

50
Q

What is Observational Learning?

A

Observational Learning states that behavior is learnt through watching and imitating other’s behavior

51
Q

What is Imitation?

A

A person observes the behavior a role model produces and copies it

52
Q

What is a Strength of the SLT?

A

SLT research tends to use standardized procedures within controlled lab conditions which can be replicated to check for reliability

53
Q

What is a Weakness of the SLT?

A

SLT is Reductionist, as it does not account for innate and biological factors such as the influence of genes, hormones, brain structures on behavior which limits its scope

54
Q

What is Inference?

A

Inference is an assumption made from data collected

55
Q

What is a Schema?

A

A cognitive (mental) framework of people, places and things, that help us to organize and interpret information in the brain

56
Q

What is an assumption of the Cognitive approach?

A

Behavior is influenced by thoughts that can be both conscious and unconscious, these internal mental processes mediate between the stimulus and response. These internal processes can and should be studied scientifically and objectively

57
Q

What is a reason why schemas are good?

A

They help us to process lots of information quickly which is useful as a sort of mental shortcut that stops us being overwhelmed by environmental stimuli

58
Q

What is a reason why schemas are bad?

A

They can distort our interpretations of sensory information (because we are expected to see, hear, etc. something in particular) leading to perceptual errors

59
Q

What is a Computer Model?

A

When computer analogies are used as a representation of human cognition, suggesting that there is a similarity in the way information is processed.

60
Q

What is a Model?

A

A (theoretical) model is a simplified and usually pictorial representation of a particular mental process. They often include boxes and arrows to show cause and effect

61
Q

What would be the “Central Processing Unit” if the brain processes information like a computer?

A

The Brain

62
Q

What would be the “Coding” if the brain processes information like a computer?

A

Turning information into a useful format

63
Q

What would be the “Input” if the brain processes information like a computer

A

When information is coded as neutral connections in the brain ad processed i.e. using schema

64
Q

What would be the “Stores” if the brain processes information like a computer

A

Holding different chunks of information

65
Q

What would be the “Output” if the brain processes information like a compute

A

Observable behavior

66
Q

What is Cognitive Neuroscience?

A

The scientific study of the brain/neurological structures, mechanisms, processes, chemistry that are responsible for cognitive processes

67
Q

What are applications of Cognitive Neuroscience?

A

Usage of scanning/imaging techniques (fMRIs, EEGs), or the usage of computer simulations/ computational modelling to test theories or hypotheses

68
Q

What is a Strength of the Cognitive Approach?

A

1) The Cognitive Approach emphasizes the scientific approach to studying psychology, such as scanners like EEGs or fMRIs, this is useful because psychologists can produce reliable and objective data (+replicable)

2) The Cognitive Approach is also applied in many areas of life, such as treatments like CBT have been created and are highly successful in treating disorders like depression. This is helpful because it helped people in the real world, this means it has high ecological and internal validity

69
Q
A

ALevel Psychology (3 decks)

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