Approaches Flashcards
Introspection
Wundt
Examination or observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes
Wundt method
Trained Observes presented with stimulus (ticking metronome)
Ps then asked to describe how stimuli made them think and feel
The same stimulus, physical surroundings and instructions given
Wundt evaluation
-not scientific
Behaviourists said private experiences that were self reported during introspection are not observable
So difficult to measure
Also experiences were subjective
Behaviourists believe the only way to be more objective and scientific is to measure observable behaviour
Undermines objectivity if his work
* however it’s still used today to gain access too cognitive processes
+seen as the start of cognitive psychology
Cognitive is a modern day approach and to attempt to measure what’s happening in the mind using scientific methods- some say without him it wouldn’t exist
Strength as it’s influential too cognitive psychologists
+as he applied a scientific method it means in modern times psychology is considered a scientific discipline
If Wundt never set up psychology lab it’s possible the study of the mind might still be tied to philosophical roots and not gained the status it has
Strength as it’s influential work paved the way for study of psychology as a respected discipline
Wundt
-“father of psychology”-set up first psychology lab in Leipzig Germany
-moved from philosophical roots to scientific controlled
-promoted introspection as a way of studying mental processes
-work paved way for later controlled research and study of mental processes
-introspection
- analysis own conscious experiences of a stimuli
Mediationak processes
P erception
M emory
A ttention
C onsciousness
Inferences
Makes assumptions about mental processes that cannot be directly observed
Schemas
Mental framework which help process and interpret information, helping us quickly organise it and to make predictions
X- can be distorted and lead to perceptional errors
Theoretical and computer models
Theoretical- diagrams to help understand mental processes, brain inputs, processes and recalls info (MSM)
Computer- simulations to depict mental processes
AO3 cognitive
+applications
Development of cognitive treatments Cbt, therapy helped understand how depression can be due to faulty thinking
Helped led to successful treatment of of depression where faulty thinking is identified
+scientific methods
Higher controlled variables
Produces reliable objective data
Enabled bio and cognitive to enhance scientific study, credible
-however, uses inference not direct observation, artificial stimuli, lack external validity
-reductionist
Reduces behaviour to 1 thing e.g depression=faulty thinking, simplistic and ignores environmental factors
Behaviourist approach
All behaviour is learnt through past experiences and environments
Humans are born as blank slate
Use scientific methods and only study things that can be observed and measured
Pavlov
Classical conditioning- learning through association
UCS—> UNR
NS+UCS—> UCR
CS—> SR
Skinners rats
Placed hungry rats in a box with lever
When rats pushed lever food came out
Rats learned to associate food with pushing lever
Operant conditioning-learning occurs from association
Positive reinforcement
Receiving a reward when behaviour is performed
E.g pushing lever gave rats food
Negative reinforcement
Animal avoids something unpleasant e.g mum feeds baby to stop baby crying
Punishment
Weakens or eliminates behaviour
Unpleasant consequences of behaviour
E.g skinner introduced electric grid floor, when rats pushed lever they were electrocuted, rats stopped pushing lever
Behaviourism evaluation
RSM
Ethical issues + (demand characteristics and generalisable)
DREAMS
-deterministic,reductionist,evidence scientific methods
Biological (Darwin)
Natural selection
Behaviour that increases survival is passed down and reproduce
E.g aggression to keep territory so have necessary means for survival
Argued aggression has been passed by ancestors
Genotype and phenotype
-genetic makeup
-way genotype is expressed
Twins
Compare concordance rates of MZ to DZ twins to establish if trait or characteristics are down to bio factors
Biological evaluation
Methods
Twins and concordance rates 27% diff from MZ and DZ
Same environment
DREAMS
-deterministic
- reductionist
+application
+methods
Vicarious reinforcement
Not experienced but observed when someone else is being reinforced
If Observed model being rewarded they are more likely to imitate and they want same reward
Observe the consequences
Make judgement in how likely to experience same outcome
Modelling
More likely to observe and imitate of they are a role model,
Live model: teacher, parent
Symbolic model:actress, singer
Models carrying out behaviour: model
Performs role:model
Model carries out behaviour to be observed and imitated
Identification
Extent to which someone relates to model and wants to be like them
More likely if similar
Observer must feel like they would be likely to experience same outcome
If they can identify with model they are more likely to imitate
F-friendly
L-likeable
A-age (older)
G-gender (same)
S- status (higher)
Four meditational processes (ARRM)
Thought processes that take place prior to imitation
Attention- must be paying attention and observing model
Retention- must remember behaviour they have seen
Reproduction- must be capable of doing behaviour, must be physically capable
Motivation- rewards and punishments must be considered, if rewards are greater than the costs they are more likely to imitate behaviour
Bandura’s study
-groups of children watched film of adult hitting aggressively to a bobo doll, divided into three groups
1. Adult rewarded
2. Adult punished
3. No ending
Children were okayed in room with many toys including bobo doll and observed
1. High level aggression
2. Low level aggression
3. Medium level aggression
Supports vicarious reinforcement, learnt from watching consequences
Oral
Pleasure of mouth
Frustration: aggressive, pessimistic, suspicious
Over indulgence:trusting, gullible, optimistic
Anal
Pleasure from Anus, pleasure from defecating
Retentive: precise, tidy, stingy, over critical
Expulsive: messy, careless, disorganised
Phallic
Pleasure of genitals
Phallic: reckless, vain,self assured
Believed fixation would lead to homosexuality
Latent
Sexual calm, interest in school and hobbies
Genital
Mature relationships
-difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
Opedius complex
Boy develops desire for mother
Gets scared if father finds out he will be castrated
Castration anxiety
Resolves by imitating father, joining dad behaviour, develop male gender role
Electra complex
Girl desires father
Realises she doesn’t have penis
Penis envy
Resolves by repressing desire for father, substitutes wish for penis with wish for baby
Identifies with mother to take female gender role
Little hans
5 year old boy developed fear for horses
Freud said it was unresolved opedius complex
Displaces unconscious fear of father on to horses
Father resembled the horses most scared of
Glasses and moustache
Horses with black on mouth and blinkers
Humanistic
Rejects scientific methods as it can not measure unique subjective experience, uses questionnaire/ self report techniques
Idiographic-understands uniqueness of people
Free will
We all have free will
Assumes we’re all unique
Examining people’s subjective experience
Unconditional positive regard
To self actualise need this
When parents and significant others accept and love someone for who they are,
Unconditional love
Conditional positive regard
Most people receive this when it’s only given when someone behaves in ways that parents think correct and meet certain conditions of worth
Create incongruity
Self concept
Who you are, changes as we grow
Includes feelings of self esteem and worth
How much we like and accept ourselves having low self esteem leads to negative affect
Ideal self
Who you wish to be
Congruence
When ideal self and self concept are similar
Incongruence
When self and ideal are far apart
Lead to dissatisfaction with life and mental conflict
Hierarchy of needs
Must satisfy basic needs to reach higher needs to then reach self actualisation
All capable to move up but life factors can effect e,g divorce, losing job
1.physiological needs
2. Safety
3. Love and belonging
4. Esteem
5.cognitive
6. Aesthetics
7.self actualisation
PSL E CAS
Client centred therapy
Focuses on bringing ideal self and self concept closer- congruence
Therapists don’t tell clients what to do
Aim is for client to solve gap by themselves and gain congruence
