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A2 Psychology > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

All AS and A2 approaches covered from the AQA specification

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1
Q

What feature of a science outlines the idea of forming theories and creating a prediction in order to test this

A

Forming a testable hypothesis

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2
Q

What feature of a science outlines the idea of maintaining high controls to help establish cause and effect

A

High internal validity

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3
Q

What feature of a science outlines the idea of replication of results and consistency of findings

A

Reliability

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4
Q

What feature of a science outlines the idea of creating factual evidence rather than thoughts and opinions

A

Objectivity

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5
Q

Where was the first lab that was dedicated to Psychology, located?

A

Leipzig, Germany

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6
Q

Did Wundt publish books and articles detailing his findings?

A

Yes

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7
Q

what was Wundt’s theory called? this theory outlined the need to break down conscious experience

A

Structuralism

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8
Q

Wundt created a method that helped break down conscious experience, what was this called?

A

Introspection

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9
Q

If i was to make a decision on what someone may be thinking based on their observed behaviour, this would be a?

A

Inference

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10
Q

A common stimulus that Wundt used during introspection was?

A

A metronome

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11
Q

Introspection took place in controlled conditions to help increase?

A

internal validity

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12
Q

Wundt was criticised because his method was seen as too?

A

Subjective

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13
Q

Behaviourism focuses on;
Observable behaviour,
Using lab studies to increase scientific credibility,
and generalising?

A

animal studies to finding to humans

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14
Q

Pavlov was the pioneer for which behaviourist theory?

A

Classical conditioning

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15
Q

Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning was formulated following an accidental occurrence with who?

A

Pavlov’s dog

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16
Q

Eventually, Pavlov trained his dog to what? at the sound of a bell and other stimuli

A

Salavate

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17
Q

In Pavlov’s research what was the unconditioned stimuli?

A

Food

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18
Q

The response of salivating at the sight of food was known as what?

A

An unconditioned response

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19
Q

The bell was known as? ……. producing? ……..

A

Neutral stimulus producing no response

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20
Q

During conditioning the unconditioned stimulus was paired with the neutral stimulus, what were these?

A

the food with the bell

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21
Q

During conditioning when the food and the bell were paired, it produced an unconditioned response of?

A

Salivation

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22
Q

After conditioning the bell became a ……., producing a …….?

A

A conditioned stimuli production a conditioned response

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23
Q

In Watson and Rayner’s Study on Little Albert, Albert was conditioned to form a fear of?

A

A White Rat

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24
Q

Little Albert associated what? with a white rat

A

A loud noise (Steel rod hit by a hammer)

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25
Q

In the Little Albert study what was the unconditioned response?

A

Crying/Running away

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26
Q

Classical conditioning is learning through an association between?

A

A stimulus and its response

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27
Q

Operant conditioning is learning via consequences such as

A

punishments and rewards

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28
Q

A punishment is given in order to ?

A

Stop a behaviour from being repeated/learnt

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29
Q

A reward is given to ?

A

Reinforce a behaviour that is desired

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30
Q

When you are rewarded for a good behaviour this is?

A

postive reinforcement

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31
Q

when you have been given (applied) a punishment for a behaviour, this is known as?

A

positive punishment

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32
Q

Negative reinforcement is when?

A

You remove an unpleasant stimulus to reinforce a behaviour

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33
Q

Negative punishment is when?

A

you remove a pleasant outcome to stop the undesired behaviour

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34
Q

Skinners research on rats, was done to show which 2 consequences

A

Positive and negative reinforcement

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35
Q

What was the action needed to trigger the positive reinforcement of food in Skinners research?

A

Pressing the button/pulling the lever

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36
Q

what did Skinner do to test the effect of negative reinforcement

A

Electrocute the floor of the Skinner box

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37
Q

SLT is a bridge between behaviourism and ?

A

Cognition

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38
Q

The SLT was developed by?

A

Albert Bandura

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39
Q

The Social learning theory is all about learning via?

A

Observation and imitation

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40
Q

Behaviour must be modelled by someone we look up to, often called?

A

Role Models

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41
Q

If we are similar to our role models, we can describe this as ……. with them?

A

Identification

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42
Q

what are the 4 meditational processes in SLT

A

Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation

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43
Q

Sometimes a behaviour can be learnt through observing the outcome of others ie indirect learning. This is called?

A

Vicarious reinforcement

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44
Q

Bandura’s key study to test the SLT was called?

A

The Bobo doll experiment

45
Q

Did Bandura find that children that watched the aggressive model were more likely to display aggression?

A

Yes

46
Q

Boys in the bobo doll experiment were more likely to imitate who?

A

Same sex models

47
Q

The cognitive approach believes that I….. M…… P…… should be studied scientifically, fill in the missing words

A

Internal mental processes

48
Q

Name 3 Internal mental processes that fit within the cognitive approach

A

Any of the following; thinking, Memory, problem solving, attention, perception.

49
Q

The cognitive approach believes in the idea that the mind works like an information processor, in other words …….?

A

Computer models

50
Q

Because cognitive processes are private and cannot be observed we must study them by making ……?

A

Inferences

51
Q

We cannot directly observe Internal mental processes, so we need something to represent them, these are called?

A

Theoretical models

52
Q

One example of a theoretical model is, describe this?

A

The multi store model of memory which looks at how information can travel from your sensory register all the way to your long term memory through the short term memory.

53
Q

Computer models say that our mind works like a computer, explain this

A

Our senses work to take in information much like the keyboard and mouse of a computer, our mind processes this like the central processing unit of a computer, and we then have a behavioural output similar to a computer showing changes on the screen and speakers.

54
Q

Mapping how the human mind works and thinks can be applied to what?

A

The development of IV and techniques such as brain fingerprinting

55
Q

Briefly describe what a Schema is

A

Ideas/packets of information developed through experiences, that help us create mental frameworks for how a situation should go

56
Q

Schemas can help us process a lot of information quickly, but what are the negatives to schemas?

A

Can cause issues with eyewitness testimony and can also lead to stereotyping

57
Q

Describe what cognitive neuroscience does?

A

Bridges the gap between cognition and biology where we use biological research methods to study mental processes such as problem solving/memory

58
Q

The biological approach believes that everything psychological is …..?

A

At first biological

59
Q

The biological approach believes that the mind exists within the physical brain so processes like thinking have a biological basis, this is in contrast to what approach?

A

Cognitive

60
Q

The biological approach believes that all behaviour can be explained by……?

A

Genes, neuro-chemicals, hormones, brain structures, and the nervous system.

61
Q

What does an fMRI stand for?

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

62
Q

What does an EEG stand for?

A

Electroencephalogram

63
Q

What research method is used to assess concordance rates of behaviours?

A

Twin Studies

64
Q

What feature of the biological approach is investigated using drug trials?

A

The effects of neurochemicals on behaviour

65
Q

What do all of the research methods used in the biological approach have in common?

A

They are highly scientific as they produce accurate results which are also consistent

66
Q

What is the largest part of the brain?

A

The cerebrum

67
Q

The brain is made up of how many hemispheres?

A

2

68
Q

Name the 4 lobes of the brain

A

Parietal, temporal, occipital, frontal

69
Q

What is the name of the famous case study used to emphasise the importance of brain structures on behaviours?

A

Phineas gage

70
Q

Higher levels of which neurochemical is associated with Schizophrenia?

A

Dopamine

71
Q

Lower levels of what neurochemical is associated with Depression?

A

Serotonin

72
Q

Monozygotic twins share what percentage of their DNA?

A

100%

73
Q

Outline what your genotype means?

A

The genetic information you have inherited from your biological parents, this determines the potential for you to develop certain behaviours

74
Q

Outline what is meant by your phenotype?

A

This is the observed behaviour when your genetics come into contact and interact with the environment.

75
Q

Define the theory of evolution

A

This theory states that your genetics are passed down to future generations based on if they help aid in the survival of that species

76
Q

What does it mean to have an idiographic approach to understanding behaviour

A

the idea that every individual is unique and we are all different and we should be treated as such. We should not generalise to groups

77
Q

Describe free will in terms of the humanistic approach

A

Humans are self-determining, though the approach does acknowledge that we have constraints on free will, such as social rules, laws and morals.

78
Q

Discuss holism in terms of the humanistic approach

A

We should not look at just one aspect of an individual, if only one part is considered, then what could be affecting the individual might be missed. So humanists do not agree with focusing on childhood in therapy but all of development.

79
Q

Outline what self actualisation is

A

reaching ones full potential through personal growth and motivation

80
Q

What is Maslow’s theory called

A

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

81
Q

Outline 3 physiological needs

A

Breathing, food, water, shelter, sex, sleep, clothing/warmth

82
Q

Name 3 safety and security needs

A

Property, job security, health, family, social stability

83
Q

Name 3 love and belonging needs

A

friendship, family, intimacy, sense of connection

84
Q

What stage of the hierarchy is characterised by the following; confidence, achievement, respect of others

A

Esteem needs

85
Q

What skill are developed for self actualisation

A

Morality, creativity, humour, spontaneity, acceptance

86
Q

Rogers theory of self actualisation is broken down into 3 main concepts, name them

A

The self concept, the ideal self, the real self

87
Q

Define ideal self

A

who you want to be

88
Q

Define the real self

A

who you are currently

89
Q

Define the self concept

A

how you see yourself currently

90
Q

Define congruence

A

when your self concept and the ideal self are similar

91
Q

Define incongruence

A

when the ideal self and self concept are not similar

92
Q

Describe conditions of worth

A

standards put on someone by a significant other (e.g. parent) which they believe they must meet IF they are to be accepted by others

93
Q

What is unconditional positive regard

A

when someone is loved for simply being who they are

94
Q

Fill in the blanks; The psychodynamic approach has the belief that different …… operate on the mind and direct ……… ………… and experience

A

forces, human behaviour

95
Q

The Psychodynamic approach Assumes that a large part of our mental life operates at an unconscious level, true or false?

A

True

96
Q

Behaviour occurs as a result of conflict between?

A

The ID Ego and Superego

97
Q

Describe the conscious mind

A

what we are currently aware of

98
Q

Describe the unconscious mind

A

biological instincts, drives and desires and repressed childhood memories

99
Q

Describe the preconscious mind

A

thoughts that may become conscious at some point e.g dreams, slip of the tongue, retrievable memories

100
Q

Which structure of personality is responsible for instant gratification?

A

The ID

101
Q

Which structure of personality is responsible for mediating between the other two structures?

A

The Ego

102
Q

What structure of personality is known as the morality principle

A

The Superego

103
Q

Describe the age at which each psychosexual stage occurs

A

0-1 oral, 2-3 anal, 4-5 phallic, 6-12 latency, 13-18 genital

104
Q

Which psychosexual stage is the oedipus/electra complex resolved in?

A

Phallic

105
Q

Define defence mechanisms

A

unconscious resources used by the ego to manage the conflict between the id and the superego

106
Q

Name 3 defence mechanisms

A

Repression, denial, projection, Displacement

107
Q

Define a case study

A

in-depth investigation / analyses of individual people that require interpretation on the part of the researcher.

108
Q

What is the name of the case study that is associated with the Psychodynamic approach?

A

Little Hans

109
Q

Name the 3 fantasies that were discussed in the little hans case study

A

the giraffe, the plumber, and the parenting fantasy

A2 Psychology (10 decks)

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