Approaches Flashcards
All AS and A2 approaches covered from the AQA specification
What feature of a science outlines the idea of forming theories and creating a prediction in order to test this
Forming a testable hypothesis
What feature of a science outlines the idea of maintaining high controls to help establish cause and effect
High internal validity
What feature of a science outlines the idea of replication of results and consistency of findings
Reliability
What feature of a science outlines the idea of creating factual evidence rather than thoughts and opinions
Objectivity
Where was the first lab that was dedicated to Psychology, located?
Leipzig, Germany
Did Wundt publish books and articles detailing his findings?
Yes
what was Wundt’s theory called? this theory outlined the need to break down conscious experience
Structuralism
Wundt created a method that helped break down conscious experience, what was this called?
Introspection
If i was to make a decision on what someone may be thinking based on their observed behaviour, this would be a?
Inference
A common stimulus that Wundt used during introspection was?
A metronome
Introspection took place in controlled conditions to help increase?
internal validity
Wundt was criticised because his method was seen as too?
Subjective
Behaviourism focuses on;
Observable behaviour,
Using lab studies to increase scientific credibility,
and generalising?
animal studies to finding to humans
Pavlov was the pioneer for which behaviourist theory?
Classical conditioning
Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning was formulated following an accidental occurrence with who?
Pavlov’s dog
Eventually, Pavlov trained his dog to what? at the sound of a bell and other stimuli
Salavate
In Pavlov’s research what was the unconditioned stimuli?
Food
The response of salivating at the sight of food was known as what?
An unconditioned response
The bell was known as? ……. producing? ……..
Neutral stimulus producing no response
During conditioning the unconditioned stimulus was paired with the neutral stimulus, what were these?
the food with the bell
During conditioning when the food and the bell were paired, it produced an unconditioned response of?
Salivation
After conditioning the bell became a ……., producing a …….?
A conditioned stimuli production a conditioned response
In Watson and Rayner’s Study on Little Albert, Albert was conditioned to form a fear of?
A White Rat
Little Albert associated what? with a white rat
A loud noise (Steel rod hit by a hammer)
In the Little Albert study what was the unconditioned response?
Crying/Running away
Classical conditioning is learning through an association between?
A stimulus and its response
Operant conditioning is learning via consequences such as
punishments and rewards
A punishment is given in order to ?
Stop a behaviour from being repeated/learnt
A reward is given to ?
Reinforce a behaviour that is desired
When you are rewarded for a good behaviour this is?
postive reinforcement
when you have been given (applied) a punishment for a behaviour, this is known as?
positive punishment
Negative reinforcement is when?
You remove an unpleasant stimulus to reinforce a behaviour
Negative punishment is when?
you remove a pleasant outcome to stop the undesired behaviour
Skinners research on rats, was done to show which 2 consequences
Positive and negative reinforcement
What was the action needed to trigger the positive reinforcement of food in Skinners research?
Pressing the button/pulling the lever
what did Skinner do to test the effect of negative reinforcement
Electrocute the floor of the Skinner box
SLT is a bridge between behaviourism and ?
Cognition
The SLT was developed by?
Albert Bandura
The Social learning theory is all about learning via?
Observation and imitation
Behaviour must be modelled by someone we look up to, often called?
Role Models
If we are similar to our role models, we can describe this as ……. with them?
Identification
what are the 4 meditational processes in SLT
Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation
Sometimes a behaviour can be learnt through observing the outcome of others ie indirect learning. This is called?
Vicarious reinforcement
Bandura’s key study to test the SLT was called?
The Bobo doll experiment
Did Bandura find that children that watched the aggressive model were more likely to display aggression?
Yes
Boys in the bobo doll experiment were more likely to imitate who?
Same sex models
The cognitive approach believes that I….. M…… P…… should be studied scientifically, fill in the missing words
Internal mental processes
Name 3 Internal mental processes that fit within the cognitive approach
Any of the following; thinking, Memory, problem solving, attention, perception.
The cognitive approach believes in the idea that the mind works like an information processor, in other words …….?
Computer models
Because cognitive processes are private and cannot be observed we must study them by making ……?
Inferences
We cannot directly observe Internal mental processes, so we need something to represent them, these are called?
Theoretical models
One example of a theoretical model is, describe this?
The multi store model of memory which looks at how information can travel from your sensory register all the way to your long term memory through the short term memory.
Computer models say that our mind works like a computer, explain this
Our senses work to take in information much like the keyboard and mouse of a computer, our mind processes this like the central processing unit of a computer, and we then have a behavioural output similar to a computer showing changes on the screen and speakers.
Mapping how the human mind works and thinks can be applied to what?
The development of IV and techniques such as brain fingerprinting
Briefly describe what a Schema is
Ideas/packets of information developed through experiences, that help us create mental frameworks for how a situation should go
Schemas can help us process a lot of information quickly, but what are the negatives to schemas?
Can cause issues with eyewitness testimony and can also lead to stereotyping
Describe what cognitive neuroscience does?
Bridges the gap between cognition and biology where we use biological research methods to study mental processes such as problem solving/memory
The biological approach believes that everything psychological is …..?
At first biological
The biological approach believes that the mind exists within the physical brain so processes like thinking have a biological basis, this is in contrast to what approach?
Cognitive
The biological approach believes that all behaviour can be explained by……?
Genes, neuro-chemicals, hormones, brain structures, and the nervous system.
What does an fMRI stand for?
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
What does an EEG stand for?
Electroencephalogram
What research method is used to assess concordance rates of behaviours?
Twin Studies
What feature of the biological approach is investigated using drug trials?
The effects of neurochemicals on behaviour
What do all of the research methods used in the biological approach have in common?
They are highly scientific as they produce accurate results which are also consistent
What is the largest part of the brain?
The cerebrum
The brain is made up of how many hemispheres?
2
Name the 4 lobes of the brain
Parietal, temporal, occipital, frontal
What is the name of the famous case study used to emphasise the importance of brain structures on behaviours?
Phineas gage
Higher levels of which neurochemical is associated with Schizophrenia?
Dopamine
Lower levels of what neurochemical is associated with Depression?
Serotonin
Monozygotic twins share what percentage of their DNA?
100%
Outline what your genotype means?
The genetic information you have inherited from your biological parents, this determines the potential for you to develop certain behaviours
Outline what is meant by your phenotype?
This is the observed behaviour when your genetics come into contact and interact with the environment.
Define the theory of evolution
This theory states that your genetics are passed down to future generations based on if they help aid in the survival of that species
What does it mean to have an idiographic approach to understanding behaviour
the idea that every individual is unique and we are all different and we should be treated as such. We should not generalise to groups
Describe free will in terms of the humanistic approach
Humans are self-determining, though the approach does acknowledge that we have constraints on free will, such as social rules, laws and morals.
Discuss holism in terms of the humanistic approach
We should not look at just one aspect of an individual, if only one part is considered, then what could be affecting the individual might be missed. So humanists do not agree with focusing on childhood in therapy but all of development.
Outline what self actualisation is
reaching ones full potential through personal growth and motivation
What is Maslow’s theory called
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Outline 3 physiological needs
Breathing, food, water, shelter, sex, sleep, clothing/warmth
Name 3 safety and security needs
Property, job security, health, family, social stability
Name 3 love and belonging needs
friendship, family, intimacy, sense of connection
What stage of the hierarchy is characterised by the following; confidence, achievement, respect of others
Esteem needs
What skill are developed for self actualisation
Morality, creativity, humour, spontaneity, acceptance
Rogers theory of self actualisation is broken down into 3 main concepts, name them
The self concept, the ideal self, the real self
Define ideal self
who you want to be
Define the real self
who you are currently
Define the self concept
how you see yourself currently
Define congruence
when your self concept and the ideal self are similar
Define incongruence
when the ideal self and self concept are not similar
Describe conditions of worth
standards put on someone by a significant other (e.g. parent) which they believe they must meet IF they are to be accepted by others
What is unconditional positive regard
when someone is loved for simply being who they are
Fill in the blanks; The psychodynamic approach has the belief that different …… operate on the mind and direct ……… ………… and experience
forces, human behaviour
The Psychodynamic approach Assumes that a large part of our mental life operates at an unconscious level, true or false?
True
Behaviour occurs as a result of conflict between?
The ID Ego and Superego
Describe the conscious mind
what we are currently aware of
Describe the unconscious mind
biological instincts, drives and desires and repressed childhood memories
Describe the preconscious mind
thoughts that may become conscious at some point e.g dreams, slip of the tongue, retrievable memories
Which structure of personality is responsible for instant gratification?
The ID
Which structure of personality is responsible for mediating between the other two structures?
The Ego
What structure of personality is known as the morality principle
The Superego
Describe the age at which each psychosexual stage occurs
0-1 oral, 2-3 anal, 4-5 phallic, 6-12 latency, 13-18 genital
Which psychosexual stage is the oedipus/electra complex resolved in?
Phallic
Define defence mechanisms
unconscious resources used by the ego to manage the conflict between the id and the superego
Name 3 defence mechanisms
Repression, denial, projection, Displacement
Define a case study
in-depth investigation / analyses of individual people that require interpretation on the part of the researcher.
What is the name of the case study that is associated with the Psychodynamic approach?
Little Hans
Name the 3 fantasies that were discussed in the little hans case study
the giraffe, the plumber, and the parenting fantasy
