Approaches Flashcards
What are the names of the 7 approaches?
Introspection (Wundt)
Psychodynamic
Behaviorist
Social learning theory
Cognitive
Humanistic
Biological
What did Wundt break the human consciousness into?
Thoughts
Images
Sensation
What did Introspection aim to study?
The human consciousness
What experiment did Wundt do?
Exposed participants to different stimuli
Participants recorded their experiences
Wundt then categorized them into the basic structures
What is a strength of Wundt’s introspection?
A systematic approach was used so data could be categorized, allowing for comparisons to be made
What is a weakness of Wundt’s introspection?
Individual’s experiences were subjective, making the approach less scientific, reasons for responses were hard to identify
How did the Psychodynamic approach separate our levels of thought?
The conscious
The Preconscious
The unconscious
What is the role of conscious thought according to the Psychodynamic approach?
What we are currently thinking (Thoughts we are aware of)
What is the role of pre-conscious thought according to the Psychodynamic approach?
Everything that we know but are not currently thinking about (Memories and Knowledge)
What is the role of unconscious thought according to the Psychodynamic approach?
Holds the things you do not know to protect you from feelings of guilt/anxiety (Fears/unacceptable desires)
What is the name of the theory for the structure of personality?
Tripartite theory of Personality
What three parts make up personality according to the tripartite theory?
Id
Ego
Super-ego
Where is the Id and what is its role according to the tripartite theory?
In the Unconscious
It’s role is to focus on the self - selfishly seeking pleasure through irrational and emotional means
Where is the Ego and what is its role according to the tripartite theory?
In the Conscious
It’s role is to try and satisfy the needs of the Id in a socially acceptable way through rational means and compromise between Id and Super-ego
Where is the Super-ego and what is its role according to the tripartite theory?
In the Unconscious
It’s role is to morally guide the individual by punishing them with feelings of guilt and anxiety based on societal values
What are the three defense mechanisms according to the Psychodynamic approach?
Repression
Denial
Displacement
What is the definition of the defense mechanism repression according to the Psychodynamic approach?
Pushing unpleasant thoughts/memories to the unconscious, allowing for the individual to pretend and behave as if nothing happened
What is the definition of the defense mechanism denial according to the Psychodynamic approach?
Refusing to accept the negative aspects of a situation in order to protect the conscious
What is the definition of the defense mechanism displacement according to the Psychodynamic approach?
The individual finds a suitable target to put their repressed emotions onto
According to Freud’s Psychosexual stage theory, What is the first stage? When does it occur? Where is the libido centered?
What: Oral
When: 0-1yrs
Where: In the mouth (sucking/biting)
According to Freud’s Psychosexual stage theory, What is the second stage? When does it occur? Where is the libido centered?
What: Anal
When: 1-3yrs
Where: Anal region (withholding/expelling)
According to Freud’s Psychosexual stage theory, What is the third stage? When does it occur? Where is the libido centered?
What: Phallic
When: 3-5/6yrs
Where: Genitalia
According to Freud’s Psychosexual stage theory, What is the fourth stage? When does it occur? Where is the libido centered?
What: Latency
When: 5/6 - Puberty
Where: Libido is dormant, focus on social development
According to Freud’s Psychosexual stage theory, What is the fifth stage? When does it occur? Where is the libido centered?
What: Genital
When: Puberty onwards
Where: All previous areas
What occurs during the Phallic stage of Psychosexual developement?
Oedipus or Electra complex
What are the main assumptions of the behaviourist approach?
Behaviour can only be studied if it is observable and measurable
Lab experiments only as they are controlled and objective
All behaviour is learnt through experience and interaction with environment
We are born as a tabula rasa - a blank slate
What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?
Classical is passive, operant is active
Classical believes learning is through association, operant believes learning is through consequences
What are the three consequences in operant conditioning?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Punishment
What is positive reinforcement, according to operant conditioning?
Individuals receive a rewards when they perform the desired behavior
What is punishment, according to operant conditioning?
Individuals receive an unpleasant consequence for behavior
What is negative reinforcement, according to operant conditioning?
Avoiding something unpleasant by performing the desired behavior
What experiment goes alongside operant conditioning?
Skinner’s rats - positive reinforcement with pulling a lever to receive a food pellet
What experiment goes alongside classical conditioning?
Pavlov’s dogs - dogs began to salivate at the sound of a bell
What research goes alongside social learning theory?
Bandura’s bobo doll - children copying the actions seen in a film where the doll was hit
What did Bandura’s research identify?
Mediational processes: Attention, retention, motor-reproduction, motivation
What is the basic assumption of social learning theory?
Learning occurs through observation of others
What reinforcement is used in social learning theory?
Vicarious reinforcement
What is Vicarious reinforcement, according to social learning theory?
Individual observes the behavior and consequences of others to increase or decrease likelihood of imitating the behavior
What is modelling, according to social learning theory?
Imitation of the role model that occurs after identification
What are role models, according to social learning theory?
People we identify with
What is the description of attention, according to social learning theory?
If the observer notices the behavior of the role model
What is the description of retention, according to social learning theory?
How well the specific actions are remembered by the observer
What is the description of motor-reproduction, according to social learning theory?
If the observer considered themselves able to perform the action
What is the description of motivation, according to social learning theory?
If the observer has the will to perform the action (likelihood of punishment or reward)
What are the assumptions of the cognitive approach?
There are mental processes that mediate between stimulus and response
Cognitive processes can be studied scientifically through indirect study through inferences on our behavior
What are schemas, according to the cognitive approach?
‘Mental packages’ of information about people. objects and events that are acquired through experience that guide our responses
What are the positives of schemas, according to the cognitive approach?
They act as a mental shortcut to avoid being overwhelmed by stimuli
What is cognitive neuroscience?
That there are different mental processes associated with different areas of the brain
What are the negatives of schemas, according to the cognitive approach?
They distort the way we interpret information causing perceptual errors
What two models are used to help in the understanding of internal mental processes, according to the cognitive approach?
Theoretical models and computer models
What is the theoretical information processing approach, according to the cognitive approach?
Information flows through stages: input, storage, retrieval
What is the computer model, according to the cognitive approach?
There are similarities between the brain and a computer:
CPU - Brain
Coding - Auditory/visual coding
Stores for holding information
What are the assumptions of the humanistic approach?
Humans have free will and are self determining active agents
Rejects scientific approaches in favor for individuals subject experiences
Person-centered
What is the organization of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, according to the humanistic approach?
Self-actualization
Esteem
Love/belonging
Safety
Physiological need
What are physiological needs, according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in the humanistic approach?
Air, food, water, rest, homeostasis
What are safety needs, according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in the humanistic approach?
Security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, health
What are love/belonging needs, according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in the humanistic approach?
Friendship, family, sexual intimacy
What are esteem needs, according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in the humanistic approach?
Self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others
What are self-actualization needs, according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in the humanistic approach?
Morality, creativity, problem solving, spontaneity, lack of prejudice
What is self-actualization, according to the humanistic approach?
The inner drive to be the best we can be, which can only be reached when all deficiency needs are met
What is the difference between the self concept and the ideal self, according to the humanistic approach?
The self concept is the way we see ourselves currently, the ideal self is the way/the person we want to be
What is congruence of the self, according to the humanistic approach?
Where the self concept and ideal self are aligned with one another (A gap between these leads to a state of incongruence)
What is client centered therapy, according to the humanistic approach?
Encourages the individual to find their own solutions to help close the gap between the two aspects of the self using unconditional positive regard (unconditional love)
What are conditions of worth, according to the humanistic approach?
Limits/boundaries set by parents on the love they can give to their child (A lack of unconditional love)
What are the assumptions of the biological approach?
Biological process underpin psychological processes
All thoughts, feelings and behaviours have a physiological basis
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype, according to the biological approach?
Genotype is all the particular genes a person possesses
Phenotype is the way those genes are expressed through interaction with environmental factors (e.g diet)
What is the definition of a concordance rate?
The extent to which both twins in a pair share the same characteristic
What idea was put forward by Darwin that has a biological basis for psychology?
Natural selection in which genetically determined behavior is there to increase the chance of survival and those that survive pass those genes on to the next generation
