Approaches Flashcards
What are the steps in Pavlov’s Research?
- food = salivate
UCS = UCR
- bell = no response
NS = NR
- bell + food = salivate
NS + UCS = UCR
- bell = salivate
CS = CR
How does the Behaviourist approach explain behaviour?
learning from experience
Who are the 4 main psychologists in the Behaviourist approach and what did they do?
- Pavlov = dog for classical conditioning
- Watson & Raynor = Little Albert for classical conditioning
- Skinner = skinner’s rat for operant conditioning
What was the method for Skinner’s box?
- rat or pigeon into the Skinner box.
- a lever delivered a food pellet when pressed.
- rat presses the lever and receives a food pellet.
- measure how frequently the animal pressed the lever over time
- frequency should indicate the strength of the conditioning of the behaviour.
How did skinner test operant conditioning?
- Positive reinforcement: receive food pellet every time it pressed lever- should learn to press the lever more often
- Negative reinforcement: electric shock turned off if they press a lever- should learn to press the lever more often.
- Punishment: receives electric shock if they press lever- should learn to press lever less often
What were the steps in the Little Albert research?
- rat = no response
NS = NR
- loud noise = cry
UCS = UCR
- rat + loud noise = cry
NS + UCS = UCR
- rat = cry
CS = CR
What is Classical Conditioning?
Focuses on how individuals learn behaviour through association (relationships)
What is Operant Conditioning?
focuses on how behaviour is shaped by consequences
What is the definition of punishment?
is an unpleasant consequence of a behaviour. The behaviour in unlikely to be repeated
What is the definition of Positive Reinforcement?
receiving a reward in a response to a behaviour. Makes you repeat behaviour
What is the definition of Negative Reinforcement?
is when you avoid something unpleasant and repeat that behaviour
What is the definition of Vicarious Reinforcement?
see someone being reinforced and copy that behaviour as you also want to be reinforced
How does the Social Learning Theory explain behaviour?
learning through observing others behaviour
Who was the main psychologist in the social learning theory?
Albert Bandura
What are the Mediational Processes?
You see the behaviour
- Attention - notice the behaviour
- Retention - remember the behaviour
- Motor reproduction - can I recreate this behaviour
- Motivation - why do I want to do this behaviour
You do the behaviour
What is the definition of Imitation?
copying the behaviour of others
What is the definition of a Role Model?
someone you look up to and try to imitate their behaviour
What is the definition of Modelling?
doing the observed behaviour
What is the definition of identification?
imitate someone you look up to or can relate to
Describe the Bandura et al study?
- 2 groups of adults, a group of aggressive role models and a group of non-aggressive role models
- 3 groups of children, one would watch the aggressive role models, the other non-aggressive, and the last didn’t watch any role models
- role models would play with the bobo doll in the way their group was told to
- Children observed playing later on, aggressive role models played more aggressively, non-aggressive played with it the nicest and the group that didn’t watch a recording was mixed
How does the Cognitive Approach explain behaviour?
through internal mental processes
What was Bugelski and Alampay’s rat man study?
- two groups shown a sequence of pictures
- group A different faces
- group B different animals
- when each group was shown the rat man group A more likely to see a man and group B more likely to see a rat/mouse
What is the definition of Inference?
making a judgement about what is going on inside people’s minds on the bias of their behaviour
What is the definition of Schemas?
packet of information that influence cognitive processing and are developed from experience
What is the definition of Theoretical Models?
ABSTRACT - diagrammatic representations of the steps involved in internal mental processes
What is the definition of Computer Models?
software simulations of internal mental processes that are created in collaboration with computer scientists
What is the definition of Cognitive Neuroscience?
scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental processes
Who was Phineas Gage?
- injured by a metal rod which went through his head
- consciously took himself to hospital
- survived but damaged his frontal lobe
- his behaviour changed; more aggressive and irritable
How did Phineas Gage influence cognitive neuroscience?
- helped them learn more about how the different parts of the brain work
- now know what area of the brain control’s personality
Who was the main psychologist in the Biological Approach?
Charles Darwin
How does the Biological approach explain behaviour?
it is a result of biological factors
‘psychological processes are at first biological processes’
What is the definition of Phenotype?
characteristics of an individual determined by both genes and the environment
What is the definition of Evolution?
the change of inherited characteristics in a biological population over successive generations e.g. wisdom teeth
What are Twin Studies?
they are used to study whether certain traits are inherited by comparing Monozygotic and Dizygotic siblings
What is a concordance rate in relation to twin studies?
is the rate at which twins share the same trait
What is the definition of Neurochemistry?
related to chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological functioning
What is the definition of Genotype?
set of genes that a person possess e.g. MAOA
What is the definition of Genes?
can be inherited from parents and consists of DNA and code for physical and psychological functions
Who was the key psychologist in the psychodynamic approach?
Sigmund Freud
How does the psychodynamic approach explain behaviour?
through unconscious processes
What is conscious?
what we are directly aware of
What is pre-conscious?
Memories, thoughts, and beliefs we are not directly aware of but that can be accessed by making an effort to do so.
What is unconscious?
The part of the mind that we are unaware of but which directs much of our behaviour
How can you access your unconscious?
- through dream analysis
- freudian slip
What is included in the tripartite personality and how old are you when they develop?
- Id born with
- Ego 1-3 years old
- Superego 3-5 years old
What is the Id?
it operates on the PLEASURE PRINCIPLE, demanding gratification of its needs (selfish)
What is the Ego?
is the mediator between the id and the superego and operates on the REALITY PRINCIPLE
What is the Superego?
it operates on the MORALITY PRINCIPLE, punishing the ego through guilt
(Jiminy Cricket)
What are the 3 defence mechanisms and what do they do?
Repression - Hiding an unpleasant or undesirable thought or memory from the conscious mind.
Denial - Rejecting and refusing to accept reality
Displacement - Redirecting emotions from the actual target to a substitute
What are the Psychosexual states and at what age do they develop?
Oral: 0-1 years old
Anal: 1-3 years old
Phallic: 3-6 years old
Latency: 6-puberty
Genital: puberty
What is the Oral Stage and its behavioural traits?
- focus of pleasure is the mouth and the mothers breast is the object of desire
- Smoking, biting nails, sarcastic, critical
What is the Anal Stage and its behavioural traits?
- focus of pleasure is the anus, child gains pleasure from withholding or expelling faeces
- anal retentive = perfectionist, obsessive
- anal expulsive = thoughtless, messy
What is the Phallic Stage and its behavioural traits?
- focus of pleasure is the genital area, child experiences the oedipus or electra complex
- narcissistic, reckless, possible homosexual
What is the Latency Stage?
earlier conflicts are repressed
What is the Genital Stage and its behavioural traits?
- sexual desires become conscious alongside the beginning of puberty
- difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
What is the Oedipus Complex?
- males
- incestuous feelings for their mum
- as a result they are fearful of their father due to castration anxiety
- young boy copies the father in order to attain the mother
What is the Electra Complex?
- females
- Penis envy
- as a result they are jealous of their father as he has a penis and hateful of their mother as she is not the father. this also gives the girl the desire to have a baby
Who is Little Hans and what is Freud’s diagnosis?
- Little Hans had a phobia of horses
- a horse once died in front of him
- the horse had black marks around its mouth as well as around one eye
- Freud said Little Hans was scared of the father not the horse (the father had a monocle and a moustache which is why the boy associated him with the horse)
- said the boy was in the phallic stage and it was due to the oedipus complex
Who were the main psychologist for the humanistic approach?
Maslow & Rogers
How does the humanistic approach explain behaviour?
it doesn’t, it argues human experience is subjective and that humans have free will to choose their behaviours
What is the definition of Free Will?
is the philosophical view that humans are able to make choices for themselves
What is Self-Actualisation and what is Maslow & Rogers characterisation?
- fulfilling your potential
- Maslow = meeting all levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- Rogers = having unconditional positive regard and achieving congruence between self-concept and ideal self
What are the stages of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and his opinions?
bottom to top 1-5
1) Physiological needs
2) Safety needs
3) Social needs
4) Esteem needs
5) Self-Actualisation
e.g. Albert Einstein,
believed only around 1% of people truly achieve self-actualisation
What is Rogers conditions of worth?
in order to self-actualisation a person’s self-image has to be highly congruent with their ideal self
According to Rogers, What are the core qualities of a good counselling therapist?
Genuine - can’t hide behind a professional facade
Unconditional positive regard - need to accept and value the client for who they are without disapproval or judgement
Empathy - needs to actively try to understand and appreciate the client’s perspective
