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Psychology Paper 2 > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the steps in Pavlov’s Research?

A
  1. food = salivate

UCS = UCR

  1. bell = no response

NS = NR

  1. bell + food = salivate

NS + UCS = UCR

  1. bell = salivate

CS = CR

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2
Q

How does the Behaviourist approach explain behaviour?

A

learning from experience

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3
Q

Who are the 4 main psychologists in the Behaviourist approach and what did they do?

A
  • Pavlov = dog for classical conditioning
  • Watson & Raynor = Little Albert for classical conditioning
  • Skinner = skinner’s rat for operant conditioning
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4
Q

What was the method for Skinner’s box?

A
  • rat or pigeon into the Skinner box.
  • a lever delivered a food pellet when pressed.
  • rat presses the lever and receives a food pellet.
  • measure how frequently the animal pressed the lever over time
  • frequency should indicate the strength of the conditioning of the behaviour.
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5
Q

How did skinner test operant conditioning?

A
  • Positive reinforcement: receive food pellet every time it pressed lever- should learn to press the lever more often
  • Negative reinforcement: electric shock turned off if they press a lever- should learn to press the lever more often.
  • Punishment: receives electric shock if they press lever- should learn to press lever less often
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6
Q

What were the steps in the Little Albert research?

A
  1. rat = no response

NS = NR

  1. loud noise = cry

UCS = UCR

  1. rat + loud noise = cry

NS + UCS = UCR

  1. rat = cry

CS = CR

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7
Q

What is Classical Conditioning?

A

Focuses on how individuals learn behaviour through association (relationships)

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8
Q

What is Operant Conditioning?

A

focuses on how behaviour is shaped by consequences

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9
Q

What is the definition of punishment?

A

is an unpleasant consequence of a behaviour. The behaviour in unlikely to be repeated

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10
Q

What is the definition of Positive Reinforcement?

A

receiving a reward in a response to a behaviour. Makes you repeat behaviour

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11
Q

What is the definition of Negative Reinforcement?

A

is when you avoid something unpleasant and repeat that behaviour

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12
Q

What is the definition of Vicarious Reinforcement?

A

see someone being reinforced and copy that behaviour as you also want to be reinforced

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13
Q

How does the Social Learning Theory explain behaviour?

A

learning through observing others behaviour

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14
Q

Who was the main psychologist in the social learning theory?

A

Albert Bandura

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15
Q

What are the Mediational Processes?

A

You see the behaviour

  1. Attention - notice the behaviour
  2. Retention - remember the behaviour
  3. Motor reproduction - can I recreate this behaviour
  4. Motivation - why do I want to do this behaviour

You do the behaviour

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16
Q

What is the definition of Imitation?

A

copying the behaviour of others

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17
Q

What is the definition of a Role Model?

A

someone you look up to and try to imitate their behaviour

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18
Q

What is the definition of Modelling?

A

doing the observed behaviour

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19
Q

What is the definition of identification?

A

imitate someone you look up to or can relate to

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20
Q

Describe the Bandura et al study?

A
  • 2 groups of adults, a group of aggressive role models and a group of non-aggressive role models
  • 3 groups of children, one would watch the aggressive role models, the other non-aggressive, and the last didn’t watch any role models
  • role models would play with the bobo doll in the way their group was told to
  • Children observed playing later on, aggressive role models played more aggressively, non-aggressive played with it the nicest and the group that didn’t watch a recording was mixed
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21
Q

How does the Cognitive Approach explain behaviour?

A

through internal mental processes

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22
Q

What was Bugelski and Alampay’s rat man study?

A
  • two groups shown a sequence of pictures
  • group A different faces
  • group B different animals
  • when each group was shown the rat man group A more likely to see a man and group B more likely to see a rat/mouse
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23
Q

What is the definition of Inference?

A

making a judgement about what is going on inside people’s minds on the bias of their behaviour

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24
Q

What is the definition of Schemas?

A

packet of information that influence cognitive processing and are developed from experience

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25
Q

What is the definition of Theoretical Models?

A

ABSTRACT - diagrammatic representations of the steps involved in internal mental processes

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26
Q

What is the definition of Computer Models?

A

software simulations of internal mental processes that are created in collaboration with computer scientists

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27
Q

What is the definition of Cognitive Neuroscience?

A

scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental processes

28
Q

Who was Phineas Gage?

A
  • injured by a metal rod which went through his head
  • consciously took himself to hospital
  • survived but damaged his frontal lobe
  • his behaviour changed; more aggressive and irritable
29
Q

How did Phineas Gage influence cognitive neuroscience?

A
  • helped them learn more about how the different parts of the brain work
  • now know what area of the brain control’s personality
30
Q

Who was the main psychologist in the Biological Approach?

A

Charles Darwin

31
Q

How does the Biological approach explain behaviour?

A

it is a result of biological factors
‘psychological processes are at first biological processes’

32
Q

What is the definition of Phenotype?

A

characteristics of an individual determined by both genes and the environment

33
Q

What is the definition of Evolution?

A

the change of inherited characteristics in a biological population over successive generations e.g. wisdom teeth

34
Q

What are Twin Studies?

A

they are used to study whether certain traits are inherited by comparing Monozygotic and Dizygotic siblings

35
Q

What is a concordance rate in relation to twin studies?

A

is the rate at which twins share the same trait

36
Q

What is the definition of Neurochemistry?

A

related to chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological functioning

37
Q

What is the definition of Genotype?

A

set of genes that a person possess e.g. MAOA

38
Q

What is the definition of Genes?

A

can be inherited from parents and consists of DNA and code for physical and psychological functions

39
Q

Who was the key psychologist in the psychodynamic approach?

A

Sigmund Freud

40
Q

How does the psychodynamic approach explain behaviour?

A

through unconscious processes

41
Q

What is conscious?

A

what we are directly aware of

42
Q

What is pre-conscious?

A

Memories, thoughts, and beliefs we are not directly aware of but that can be accessed by making an effort to do so.

43
Q

What is unconscious?

A

The part of the mind that we are unaware of but which directs much of our behaviour

44
Q

How can you access your unconscious?

A
  • through dream analysis
  • freudian slip
45
Q

What is included in the tripartite personality and how old are you when they develop?

A
  • Id born with
  • Ego 1-3 years old
  • Superego 3-5 years old
46
Q

What is the Id?

A

it operates on the PLEASURE PRINCIPLE, demanding gratification of its needs (selfish)

47
Q

What is the Ego?

A

is the mediator between the id and the superego and operates on the REALITY PRINCIPLE

48
Q

What is the Superego?

A

it operates on the MORALITY PRINCIPLE, punishing the ego through guilt
(Jiminy Cricket)

49
Q

What are the 3 defence mechanisms and what do they do?

A

Repression - Hiding an unpleasant or undesirable thought or memory from the conscious mind.
Denial - Rejecting and refusing to accept reality
Displacement - Redirecting emotions from the actual target to a substitute

50
Q

What are the Psychosexual states and at what age do they develop?

A

Oral: 0-1 years old
Anal: 1-3 years old
Phallic: 3-6 years old
Latency: 6-puberty
Genital: puberty

51
Q

What is the Oral Stage and its behavioural traits?

A
  • focus of pleasure is the mouth and the mothers breast is the object of desire
  • Smoking, biting nails, sarcastic, critical
52
Q

What is the Anal Stage and its behavioural traits?

A
  • focus of pleasure is the anus, child gains pleasure from withholding or expelling faeces
  • anal retentive = perfectionist, obsessive
  • anal expulsive = thoughtless, messy
53
Q

What is the Phallic Stage and its behavioural traits?

A
  • focus of pleasure is the genital area, child experiences the oedipus or electra complex
  • narcissistic, reckless, possible homosexual
54
Q

What is the Latency Stage?

A

earlier conflicts are repressed

55
Q

What is the Genital Stage and its behavioural traits?

A
  • sexual desires become conscious alongside the beginning of puberty
  • difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
56
Q

What is the Oedipus Complex?

A
  • males
  • incestuous feelings for their mum
  • as a result they are fearful of their father due to castration anxiety
  • young boy copies the father in order to attain the mother
57
Q

What is the Electra Complex?

A
  • females
  • Penis envy
  • as a result they are jealous of their father as he has a penis and hateful of their mother as she is not the father. this also gives the girl the desire to have a baby
58
Q

Who is Little Hans and what is Freud’s diagnosis?

A
  • Little Hans had a phobia of horses
  • a horse once died in front of him
  • the horse had black marks around its mouth as well as around one eye
  • Freud said Little Hans was scared of the father not the horse (the father had a monocle and a moustache which is why the boy associated him with the horse)
  • said the boy was in the phallic stage and it was due to the oedipus complex
59
Q

Who were the main psychologist for the humanistic approach?

A

Maslow & Rogers

60
Q

How does the humanistic approach explain behaviour?

A

it doesn’t, it argues human experience is subjective and that humans have free will to choose their behaviours

61
Q

What is the definition of Free Will?

A

is the philosophical view that humans are able to make choices for themselves

62
Q

What is Self-Actualisation and what is Maslow & Rogers characterisation?

A
  • fulfilling your potential
  • Maslow = meeting all levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
  • Rogers = having unconditional positive regard and achieving congruence between self-concept and ideal self
63
Q

What are the stages of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and his opinions?

A

bottom to top 1-5
1) Physiological needs
2) Safety needs
3) Social needs
4) Esteem needs
5) Self-Actualisation
e.g. Albert Einstein,
believed only around 1% of people truly achieve self-actualisation

64
Q

What is Rogers conditions of worth?

A

in order to self-actualisation a person’s self-image has to be highly congruent with their ideal self

65
Q

According to Rogers, What are the core qualities of a good counselling therapist?

A

Genuine - can’t hide behind a professional facade

Unconditional positive regard - need to accept and value the client for who they are without disapproval or judgement

Empathy - needs to actively try to understand and appreciate the client’s perspective

Psychology Paper 2 (3 decks)

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