approaches

Question 1

What is the Humanistic Approach?

Answer 1

When outside factors effect behaviour. Influenced free will

Question 2

What is the relationship between real self and ideal self?

Answer 2

The closer your real self is to your ideal self the more congruent you are and the higher our feelings of self worth are

Question 3

Who is the psychologist associated with the Humanistic Approach?

Answer 3

Maslow

Question 4

What did Maslow create for the Humanistic Approach?

Answer 4

A Hierarchy of Needs

Question 5

List the 5 parts to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and what they mean (1 being the top of the triangle and 5 being the bottom)

Answer 5

1. Self-actualisation: morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of fact
2. Esteem: self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect or others and by others
3. Love/belonging: friendship, family and sexual intimacy
4. Safety: security of food, employment, resources, morality, family, health, property
5. Physiological: breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion

Question 6

What is the Psychodynamic Approach?

Answer 6

That behaviour is ruled by the unconscious mind and conflict within the mind creates physical problems

Question 7

Who is the psychologist associated with the Psychodynamic Approach?

Answer 7

Freud

Question 8

What are the 5 psychosexual stages Freud identified and what does he say about them?

Answer 8

Freud believed that our personalities were developed over a period of 5 stages. Each stage driven by a need to resolve a conflict. The more energy taken to resolve the issue, the more likely fixation of the stage will occur
Stages:
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latent
- Genital

Question 9

What are the 3 parts that Freud identified to make up personality?

Answer 9

• ID (biological): develops first, works on pleasure principle; chaotic, selfish, entirely unconscious, born with it, impulsive, irrational, primitive
• Ego (psychological): develops second, satisfies the ID in a socially acceptable way; rational, logical, reality principle, delayed gratification, decision-maker
• Superego (social): develops last, moral component of personality; ideals, how we should act, perfect and civil, morality principle, conscious

Question 10

What is the Biological Approach?

Answer 10

When we focus on the biology of behaviour using brain scans and technology

Question 11

What is a concordance rate?

Answer 11

Is the % chance of one twin having a particular characteristic, if the other does.

Example:
Identical twins (monozygotic - shared placenta) = 48% concordance rate
Fraternal twins (dizygotic - separate placenta) = 17% concordance rate

Question 12

What is natural selection?

Answer 12

Certain physical and psychological traits have been passed down from one generation to another due to their advantages in survival and reproduction

Question 13

What is sexual selection and what are the 2 types?

Answer 13

Certain physical and psychological traits have been passed down from one generation to another due to their advantages in attracting a mate.

1. Intra-sexual selection (within a sex) - outcompeting other males
2. Inter-sexual selection (between sexes) - possessing certain characteristics to attract a mate

Question 14

What is a phenotype?

Answer 14

The observable characteristics of an individual

Question 15

What is a genotype?

Answer 15

The genetic make-up of an individual

Question 16

What is heritability?

Answer 16

A measure of how well differences in peoples genes account for differences in their traits

Question 17

List the 5 parts of the brain

Answer 17

1. Frontal cortex
2. Temporal lobe
3. Parietal lobe
4. Cerebellum
5. Occipital lobe

Question 18

Draw a neuron and add the 7 labels

Answer 18

Labels include:
- Dendrites
- Cell body
- Nucleus
- Action potential
- Myelin sheath
- Axon
- Axon terminal

Refer to Biological Approach information sheet

Question 19

Draw a synapse and add the 6 labels

Answer 19

Labels include:
- Presynaptic
- Vesicles (containing neurotransmitters)
- Synaptic uptake channel
- Synaptic cleft
- Receptors
- Postsynaptic

Refer to Biological Approach information sheet

Question 20

What are the 2 neurotransmitters and what do the do?

Answer 20

Serotonin: this is the chemical responsible for us to be content and happy
Dopamine: this is the chemical responsible for our drive and desire

Question 21

What is the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

Answer 21

Part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and the spinal cord

Question 22

What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

Answer 22

Outside the brain and spinal core: includes the Autonomic Nervous System which controls blood flow, breathing, digestion and other involuntary responses

Question 23

What is the Cognitive Approach?

Answer 23

Links the mind to a computer and focusses on memory and attention through experimental research

Question 24

What assumptions are there for the Cognitive Approach?

Answer 24

1. Conscious thoughts influence behaviour: mediational process
2. Mental processes - information processes
3. Use of scientific method of enquiry
4. Mind is like a computer
5. The brain, especially damaged areas, affect cognitive processes

Question 25

What is accommodation in regards to the Cognitive Approach?

Answer 25

Involves altering schemas, or ideas, as a result of new information or new experiences. New schemas may also be developed during this process

Question 26

What is a schema?

Answer 26

The ways we organise thoughts and information in our minds which are about ourselves and our world around us. When we take in information we often link it with information we already knew. This means we can organise information in our minds and allows up to take short cuts (process information quicker) when dealing with huge amounts of information

Question 27

Evaluation of the Cognitive Approach

Answer 27

Strengths: