approaches Flashcards
What is the Humanistic Approach?
When outside factors effect behaviour. Influenced free will
What is the relationship between real self and ideal self?
The closer your real self is to your ideal self the more congruent you are and the higher our feelings of self worth are
Who is the psychologist associated with the Humanistic Approach?
Maslow
What did Maslow create for the Humanistic Approach?
A Hierarchy of Needs
List the 5 parts to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and what they mean (1 being the top of the triangle and 5 being the bottom)
- Self-actualisation: morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of fact
- Esteem: self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect or others and by others
- Love/belonging: friendship, family and sexual intimacy
- Safety: security of food, employment, resources, morality, family, health, property
- Physiological: breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion
What is the Psychodynamic Approach?
That behaviour is ruled by the unconscious mind and conflict within the mind creates physical problems
Who is the psychologist associated with the Psychodynamic Approach?
Freud
What are the 5 psychosexual stages Freud identified and what does he say about them?
Freud believed that our personalities were developed over a period of 5 stages. Each stage driven by a need to resolve a conflict. The more energy taken to resolve the issue, the more likely fixation of the stage will occur
Stages:
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latent
- Genital
What are the 3 parts that Freud identified to make up personality?
- ID (biological): develops first, works on pleasure principle; chaotic, selfish, entirely unconscious, born with it, impulsive, irrational, primitive
- Ego (psychological): develops second, satisfies the ID in a socially acceptable way; rational, logical, reality principle, delayed gratification, decision-maker
- Superego (social): develops last, moral component of personality; ideals, how we should act, perfect and civil, morality principle, conscious
What is the Biological Approach?
When we focus on the biology of behaviour using brain scans and technology
What is a concordance rate?
Is the % chance of one twin having a particular characteristic, if the other does.
Example:
Identical twins (monozygotic - shared placenta) = 48% concordance rate
Fraternal twins (dizygotic - separate placenta) = 17% concordance rate
What is natural selection?
Certain physical and psychological traits have been passed down from one generation to another due to their advantages in survival and reproduction
What is sexual selection and what are the 2 types?
Certain physical and psychological traits have been passed down from one generation to another due to their advantages in attracting a mate.
- Intra-sexual selection (within a sex) - outcompeting other males
- Inter-sexual selection (between sexes) - possessing certain characteristics to attract a mate
What is a phenotype?
The observable characteristics of an individual
What is a genotype?
The genetic make-up of an individual
What is heritability?
A measure of how well differences in peoples genes account for differences in their traits
List the 5 parts of the brain
- Frontal cortex
- Temporal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Cerebellum
- Occipital lobe
Draw a neuron and add the 7 labels
Labels include:
- Dendrites
- Cell body
- Nucleus
- Action potential
- Myelin sheath
- Axon
- Axon terminal
Refer to Biological Approach information sheet
Draw a synapse and add the 6 labels
Labels include:
- Presynaptic
- Vesicles (containing neurotransmitters)
- Synaptic uptake channel
- Synaptic cleft
- Receptors
- Postsynaptic
Refer to Biological Approach information sheet
What are the 2 neurotransmitters and what do the do?
Serotonin: this is the chemical responsible for us to be content and happy
Dopamine: this is the chemical responsible for our drive and desire
What is the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
Part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and the spinal cord
What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
Outside the brain and spinal core: includes the Autonomic Nervous System which controls blood flow, breathing, digestion and other involuntary responses
What is the Cognitive Approach?
Links the mind to a computer and focusses on memory and attention through experimental research
What assumptions are there for the Cognitive Approach?
- Conscious thoughts influence behaviour: mediational process
- Mental processes - information processes
- Use of scientific method of enquiry
- Mind is like a computer
- The brain, especially damaged areas, affect cognitive processes
What is accommodation in regards to the Cognitive Approach?
Involves altering schemas, or ideas, as a result of new information or new experiences. New schemas may also be developed during this process
What is a schema?
The ways we organise thoughts and information in our minds which are about ourselves and our world around us. When we take in information we often link it with information we already knew. This means we can organise information in our minds and allows up to take short cuts (process information quicker) when dealing with huge amounts of information
Evaluation of the Cognitive Approach
Strengths:
