Approaches Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two learning approaches?
A
behaviourist approach + social learning theory
2
Q
4 basic principles of the behaviourist approach?
A
- behaviour is learnt from experience
- we are born as a blank slate (tabula rasa)
- animals can be used to study behaviour
- it is possible to study behaviour scientifically through observations
3
Q
2 processes of behaviourist theory
A
classical conditioning + operant conditioning
4
Q
What is classical conditioning?
A
(learning through association)
5
Q
What was happening before conditioning?
DOGS CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PROCESS
A
ucs: food
ucr: salivation
6
Q
What was happening during conditioning?
DOGS CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PROCESS
A
ns: bell
ucs: food
ucr: salivation
7
Q
What was happening after conditioning?
DOGS CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PROCESS
A
cs: bell
cr: salivation
8
Q
What is stimulus generalisation?
A
if a stimulus has characteristics close to the conditioned stimulus, then the association would also be made to that new stimulus
9
Q
What is stimulus discrimination?
A
when a stimulus is not linked with the conditioned response as it is too different from the original stimulus
10
Q
What is temporal contiguity?
A
the unconditional stimulus and neutral stimulus have to be paired together at or around the same time for the association to be created
11
Q
What is operant conditioning?
A
(learning through consequence)
12
Q
What is positive reinforcement?
A
a person learns to repeat a behaviour because their actions lead to something good being received
13
Q
What is negative reinforcement?
A
a person learns to repeat a behaviour because their actions lead to something bad being taken away
14
Q
What is punishment?
A
a person learns to avoid a certain behaviour because their actions leads to something bad happening to them
15
Q
What is continuous reinforcement?
A
response is reinforced every time.
16
Q
What is partial reinforcement?
A
reinforcement every few times.
17
Q
What is fixed interval?
A
reinforcement is delivered at predictable time intervals (5,10,20 mins)
18
Q
What is variable interval?
A
reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals (5,7,10 mins)
19
Q
Strengths of behaviourism?
A
- objective, scientific methods
- real life applications
20
Q
Weaknesses of behaviourism?
A
- results from animals don’t generalise to humans
- no room for free will (environmentally deterministic)
- only considers nurture and not nature
21
Q
What are the assumptions of social learning theory?
A
- new behaviours learnt by observing the behaviours and consequences of others
- the observations and imitations of others in a social context influence our behaviour
22
Q
What are the five main elements of bandura’s social learning theory?
A
vicarious reinforcement, imitation, identification , modelling, role of mediational process
23
Q
What is vicarious reinforcement?
A
learning through observation of the consequences of actions for other people
24
Q
What is imitation?
A
when an individual observes a behaviour from a role model and copies it
25
What is identification?
when an individual is influenced by another because they are in some way similar or wish to be like them
26
What is modelling?
the individual imitates someone influentials (model) behaviour
27
What is the role of a mediational process?
thought between observing the behaviour (stimulus) and imitating it or not (repsonse)
28
What are the four mediational processes?
ARRM
attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
29
What is attention?
the extent to which we notice certain behaviours
30
What is retention?
how well the behaviour is remembered
31
What is reproduction?
the ability of the observer to perform the behaviour
32
What is motivation?
the will to perform the behaviour, which is often determined by whether the behaviour was rewarded or punished
33
Strengths of social learning theory?
- more holistic
- applied to real-world behaviours
34
Weakness of social learning theory?
supported by research evidence from lab settings
35
Four main assumptions of cognitive approach?
1) internal processes can be studied in labs
2) human mind works like a computer
3) believe in schemas
4) use inference
36
What are schemas?
- collection of ideas and information an individual holds about a person, object or situation
- formed through experience and help the individual to understand and predict the world around them
- schemas can influence our thought processes as they give us a set of 'expectations'
37
What are internal mental processes?
'private' operations in the mind such as perception and attention that mediate during the period between stimulus and response
38
What is inference?
the process where cognitive psychologists draw conclusions about how internal mental processes work based on the basis of observed behaviour
39
What are theoretical models?
models made by scientists which theorise how they believe a behaviour should occur
40
What is cognitive neuroscience?
the scientific study of the brain, mechanisms, processes and chemistry
41
Possible applications of cognitive neuroscience?
- use of scanning techniques
- use of computer simulations to test theories
42
Strengths of cognitive approach?
- highly scientific (high internal validity)
- practical application
43
Weaknesses of cognitive approach?
- issue of machine reductionism
44
3 assumptions of biological approach?
1. Everything psychological was once physiological.
2. They believe behaviour is a direct result of innate, biological processes (nature over nurture)
3. Important characteristics for survival are naturally selected to increase future generations chances of survival.
45
What are genes?
Consist of DNA which code for the physical features (e.g. eye colour) and behavioural traits (e.g. intelligence). Genes are inherited from parents.
46
What is a genotype?
The set of genes a person possesses
47
What is a phenotype?
The characteristics of an individual determined by the interaction between genes and the environment
48
What is neurochemistry?
How chemicals in the brain regulate psychological functioning, consisting of:
1. Hormones - Chemicals which travel in the blood
2. Neurotransmitters - chemicals that travel via the cerebral fluid (fluid in the brain)
49
What is CNS and PNS?
CNS - Consists of brain and spinal cord
PNS - Sends and receives information to the CNS (somatic and autonomic systems)
50
What are twin studies?
Used to determine the likelihood using concordance rates between twins
51
What are monozygotic twins?
Identical twins - they share 100% of their DNA so you would expect a 100% concordance rate of a genetically controlled rate.
52
What are dizygotic rates?
Non-identical twins - they share 50% of their DNA so you would expect a 50% concordance rate
53
What are family studies?
Observing a family to identify genetically controlled traits
54
What are adoption studies?
Looking at whether adopted children show traits of biological parents (nature) or adoptive parents (nurture)
55
Strengths of biological approach?
- Highly controlled experimental methods with scientific rigour
- Real world application e.g antidepressants as a treatment for depression based on physiological lack of serotonin effective
56
Weaknesses of biological approach?
- Biologically reductionist - ignores the role of nurture e.g social learning theory
- Deterministic e.g warrior gene for aggression - issues in the court of law for responsibility
57
4 assumptions of psychodynamic approach?
1. Unconscious behaviour determines how we behave
2. Human possess innate 'drives'
3. Our 3 part personality
4. Childhood experiences have significant importance
58
What is the Id?
The pleasure principle - birth till 18 months. newborn baby is completely selfish
59
What is the ego?
The reality principle - balances Id and Superego - develops at 18 months till 3 years. child becomes aware that other people have feelings and they can't always have their way
60
What is the superego?
The morality principle - opposes Id - appears at 3 till 6 years as their sense of morality is passed on by parents and the child internalises this.
61
What is the Oedipus Complex?
In the phallic stage boys develop incestuous feeling towards their mothers and a hatred towards their father as they fear their fathers will castrate them. Therefore they identify and imitate the behaviour of the same sex parent and repress their incestuous feelings.
62
What is the electra complex?
At the same age girls experience penis envy - desire their fathers hate their mothers, over time this is replaced by a desire to have a baby
63
What are defence mechanisms?
Works unconsciously by distorting reality to reduce anxiety
1. Denial
2. Displacement
3. Repression
64
What is denial?
Refusal to accept reality to avoid having to deal with painful experiences
65
What is displacement?
Redirecting repressed desires by taking them out of a helpless victim or object
66
What is repression?
Unconsciously blocking thoughts
67
How to remember psychosexual stages?
Old Age Pensioners Love Guinness
68
Oral stage?
- birth to 1 year
- mouth is main focus of pleasure
- successful completion is weaning = eating independently
- if not completed adult will smoke and overeat
69
Anal stage?
- 1 to 3 years
- defecation (pooing) is main source of pleasure
- successful completion marked by potty training
- anally retentive - very tidy, likes order
- anally expulsive - generous but disorganised, don't like to follow rules
70
Phallic stage?
- 3 to 5 years
- boys develop incestrous feelings towrds mother and hatred for father. fearing the father will castrate them, boys repress their feeling for their mother and identify with their father
71
Latent stage?
- 6 to puberty
- develop defence mechanisms
72
Genital stage?
- puberty to adulthood
- focus on genitals
- task is to develop healthy adult relationships
73
Strengths of psychodynamic approach?
- introduced idea of psychotherapy
- ability to explain human behaviour
74
Weaknesses of psychodynamic approach?
- untestable
75
4 assumptions of humanistic approach?
1. Every person is unique and has a different way of perceiving the world around them.
2. They reject objective scientific methods of study as they believe in personal responsibility and free will.
3. Concerned w/ an individual's strife towards personal growth and fulfilment.
4. Focuses in conscious experience.
76
What is the hierachy of needs?
Most basic human needs represented, and each level needs to be fulfilled before a person can move up to a higher need
77
What is free will?
Humans have full conscious control over their own destiny, but they aren't free to do everything due to social and biological influences
78
What is self-actualisation?
Achieving one’s full potential, people who achieve this have certain characteristics - creative, accepting and an accurate perception of the world.
79
What is focus of self?
Self worth develops in childhood due to parent child interactions, and is important in determining our psychological health. Rogers proposed 2 basic needs; positive regard for others and feeling of self worth. The closer our self-concept and ideal self are, the greater our psychological health
80
What is congruence?
A similarity between our we perceive ourselves in real life vs. the ideal self
81
What is conditions of worth?
Develops when someone experiences conditional love/acceptance, such as conditions they perceive significant others put on them and need to be in place for them to feel accepted. Some people only experience self-acceptance if they meet these expectations
82
Influence on counselling influence?
- All psychological problems were a direct result of their conditions of worth and the conditional positive regard they receive
-W/ counselling, people solve their problems in a constructive way, and finds ways to enable their potential for self-actualisation
-Therapists provide empathy and unconditional positive regard which provides a more genuine and authentic atmosphere so the patient can be more true to themselves
- Rogers did person-centred therapy with clients not patients, while the therapist acts as a facilitator
83
Strengths of humanistic approach?
- holistic
- optimistic
84
Weaknesses of humanistic approach?
- culturally-biased
