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Skinner’s Psych > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

What are the behaviourist key assumptions?

A
  • rejected vagueness of introspection ( only interested in what can be observed and measured)
  • we are born as blank slates ‘tabula rasa’
  • animals and humans learn in the same way
  • environmental determinism (skinner argued free will is an illusion).
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2
Q

What is classical conditioning and who came up with it

A

Learning by association
Ivan Pavlov

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3
Q

In pavlova’s experiment what was the
UCS
NS
UCR
CR

A

UCS- food
NS- bell
UCR- drool
CR-bell

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4
Q

What is operant conditioning and who came up with it

A

Learning by consequence
Skinner

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5
Q

What is positive reinforcement

A

Receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed

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6
Q

What is negative reinforcement

A

When an animal avoids something unpleasant

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7
Q

What is punishment

A

An unpleasant consequence of behaviour

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8
Q

What does extrapolate

A

How far u can compare animal findings to humans

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9
Q

Name a strength of skinner’s experiment

A

Controlled study meaning it is reliable

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10
Q

Schedules of reinforcements
Continuous reinforcement
Partial reinforcement
Variable ratio reinforcement

A

Continuous- reinforced every time you do an action
Partial- predictable pattern
Variable- never known, is unpredictable.

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11
Q

Who came up with the social learning theory and in what year

A

Bandura in 1960s

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12
Q

Key assumptions of SLT

A

-agrees with behaviourist theories
- adds two important ideas: mediations processes
Observational learning
- learning occurs within a social context meaning
- not necessarily direct learning

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13
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement

A

Not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour

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14
Q

What is the role of mediational processes

A

Mental factors mediate in the learning process to determine a new response is acquired

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15
Q

What are each of the mediational processes

A

Attention- the individual notices someone in their environment
Retention- the individual remember what they have observed
Motor reproduction- the individual replicated the behaviour shown by the model
Motivation- the individual seeks to demonstrate the behaviour that they have observed

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16
Q

How many participants were there in banduras study

A

72 ppts- 36 girls 36 boys

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17
Q

How were the groups split

A

Randomly split into 3 groups of 24
1. Aggressive group- then split into gender
2. Non-aggressive- then split into gender
3. Non aggressive (controlled)

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18
Q

What was the independent variable in banduras study

A

Behaviour of models

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19
Q

What was the dependent variable

A

Reaction of children

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20
Q

What were the findings of bandura’s study

A

-children shown the aggressive model tended to be more aggressive towards the bobo doll
- boys acted and behaved like the male figure more than girls

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21
Q

Evaluation of the bobo doll experiment

A

Strengths:
- high level of control meaning high reliability
- exposed to same conditions (continuity)

Limitations:
- ecological validity- bobo doll isn’t a real person and designed to be hit
-artificial- setting was strange and exposed to unusual behaviour
-ethics- long term effects (4 months later they showed same behaviour)

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22
Q

Evaluation of the SLT

A

Strengths:
-acknowledges cognitive thoughts (included mediational processes) soft determinism
- can explain cultural differences
- practical application ( children can learn directly but especially vicariously)

Limitations
- controlled conditions
Artificial
Lacks ecological validity

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23
Q

Key assumptions of cognitive approach

A
  • argues that the human mind can and should be investigated scientifically
  • the goal of cognitive psychology is to learn about mental processes that occur inside the brain and and use them to explain behaviour
  • processes are studied indirectly- cognitive psychologists make inferences
24
Q

Features of the cognitive approach

A
  • theoretical models- working memory model( baddeley and hitch)
    Used to explain unobservable processes in a testable way
    Often represented as a diagram that includes boxes and arrows
  • schemas
25
Q

What is a schema

A

A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing that helps us organise and interpret information. They develop and evolve with experience and become more detailed.

26
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience

A

The scientific study of biological structures that underpin cognitive processes

27
Q

What did Burnett et al find

A

Found that when people feel guilty,several brain regions are active, including the medial prefrontal cortex -an area associated with social emotions

28
Q

Evaluation of cognitive approach

A

Strengths:
- considers mental processes
- many applications- big influence on development of therapies
-uses scientific methods
Less deterministic- acknowledges free will
-high internal validity- controlled

Limitations:
- artificial situations- low external validity- memory tests involving lists of words
- roles of emotions are ignored
-fails to acknowledge individual differences
Machine reductionist

29
Q

What type of determinism is the psychodynamic approach

A

Psychic determinism

30
Q

What does the tripartite personality consist of

A

Superego- morality principle 5-6 years
ID- selfish, instant gratification from birth
EGO- mediator balancing them- employs defence mechanisms to alleviate guilt 2 years

31
Q

What are the 5 stages of the psychosexual stages

A
  1. Oral 0-1 years
  2. Anal 1-3 years
  3. Phallic 3-5 years
  4. Latency
    Genital
32
Q

What does androcentric mean?

A

Male-centred

33
Q

What were the two complexes of gender development and who came up with them

A

Oedipus and electra complex
Freud

34
Q

What does the phallic stage consist of

A

Desire mothers- castration anxiety- identify and internalise fathers moral and behaviour

35
Q

What does the electra complex consist of

A

Girls experience penis envy- have a hatred for mothers because they believed they had their penis cut off at birth- develops a desire for their father - turns desire to wanting a baby.

36
Q

Outline the little hand study

A

Freud supported his concept of the Oedipus complex with this study
Hans was a five year old boy who developed a phobia of horses after seeing one collapse
Freud suggested that Han’s phobia was a form of displacement in which his repressed fear of his father was transferred into horses
Horses were merely a symbolic representation of hans real unconscious fear- the fear of castration his father

37
Q

What are the defence mechanisms

A

Repression- forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind
Denial- refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality
Displacement- transferring feelings from true source of distressing emotion onto a substitute target

38
Q

Which part of the tripartite system uses the defence mechanism

A

Used by the EGO to help us balance conflicting demands of the ID and the superego
They r unconscious

39
Q

Evaluation of the psychodynamic approach

A

Strengths:
- huge influence in psych
Change the way mental health was seen
-provided theories- gender, the role of the unconscious
- detailed and carefully recorded observations
- practical applications

Limitations:
-Has low scientific rigour
Relied on case studies that can’t be generalised and highly subjective
- not culture/ gender inclusive
Believed feminism was failed masculinity
- doesn’t embrace free will- believes our unconscious controls our actions
- can’t be falsified
Can’t be tested as it’s the unconscious

40
Q

What does rogers say about Freud

A

That Freud dealt with the ‘sick half’ of psychology

41
Q

Key assumptions of humanistic approach

A
  • fully believes in free will
  • resist the influence of overiding forces- determinism
  • study the whole person rather than a part
  • focuses on individual (idiographic approach)
  • measures view points and perspective openly and subjectively.
42
Q

Name Maslow’s hierarchy of needs from bottom to top

A

Physiological needs
Safety needs
Belonging and loving needs
Self-esteem needs
Self-actualisation

43
Q

What is self actualisation

A

The desire to grow psychologically and fulfil one’s full potential- becoming what you are capable of

44
Q

What is the self- concept

A

How you see yourself now

45
Q

What is the idea self

A

What you want to be

46
Q

What is a congruent

A

When your self-concept and ideal self closely match

47
Q

What did rogers suggest

A

If you have lots of unconditional love regard you increase self-esteem meaning the closer your congruence

48
Q

What are the features of rogerian counselling

A

-clients set the agender
-non-directive
-effective therapist should provide genuineness empathy and unconditional positive regard
-aim to increase a persons feeling of self worth

49
Q

Evaluation of humanistic approach

A

Strengths:
- holistic
Puts the person back in psychology
-positive stance to behaviour
Journey of personal growth

Limitations
- holistic
Not scientific
-Untestable- self-actualisation
- limited practical applications
Used for mid types of mental health disorders e.g anxiety
Rogerian counselling wouldn’t work on severe types
-culturally biased
Maslow white American male hugely westernised principles would other cultures place the same amount of emphasis on these needs

50
Q

Key assumptions of biological approach and what year

A

-1980s
-everything psychological is at first biological
- investigates how biological structures and processes within the body impacts on behaviour
-genes affect behaviour and influence individual differences
Psychologists should study the brain, nervous system and other biological systems
-beloved the mind lives in the brain- contrast to the cognitive approach which sees the mind seperate from the physical brain

51
Q

What is a genotype

A

The genetic make up of an individual. A collection of inherited genetic material that is passed from generation

52
Q

What is a phenotype

A

The observable characteristics of an individual. This is a consequence of the interaction of the genotype with the environment

53
Q

What did Darwin argue

A

That over time organisms become adapted to their environment through biological evolution

54
Q

What is evolution

A

Any change in the heritable traits within a popular within a population across generations

55
Q

Evaluation of biological approach

A

Strengths:
-scientific approach
Psychs scientific credibility
High internal ecological validity
Low external ecological validity
-practical applications
Drug therapy
Limitations:
- hard deterministic
-biological underestimates the environmental influence
- too difficult to assess the influence of nature nurture
-correlation
Doesn’t take into account the cause effect
Can’t establish cause and effect

Skinner’s Psych (4 decks)

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