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Skinner’s Psych > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

What are the behaviourist key assumptions?

A
  • rejected vagueness of introspection ( only interested in what can be observed and measured)
  • we are born as blank slates ‘tabula rasa’
  • animals and humans learn in the same way
  • environmental determinism (skinner argued free will is an illusion).
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2
Q

What is classical conditioning and who came up with it

A

Learning by association
Ivan Pavlov

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3
Q

In pavlova’s experiment what was the
UCS
NS
UCR
CR

A

UCS- food
NS- bell
UCR- drool
CR-bell

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4
Q

What is operant conditioning and who came up with it

A

Learning by consequence
Skinner

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5
Q

What is positive reinforcement

A

Receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed

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6
Q

What is negative reinforcement

A

When an animal avoids something unpleasant

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7
Q

What is punishment

A

An unpleasant consequence of behaviour

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8
Q

What does extrapolate

A

How far u can compare animal findings to humans

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9
Q

Name a strength of skinner’s experiment

A

Controlled study meaning it is reliable

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10
Q

Schedules of reinforcements
Continuous reinforcement
Partial reinforcement
Variable ratio reinforcement

A

Continuous- reinforced every time you do an action
Partial- predictable pattern
Variable- never known, is unpredictable.

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11
Q

Who came up with the social learning theory and in what year

A

Bandura in 1960s

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12
Q

Key assumptions of SLT

A

-agrees with behaviourist theories
- adds two important ideas: mediations processes
Observational learning
- learning occurs within a social context meaning
- not necessarily direct learning

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13
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement

A

Not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour

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14
Q

What is the role of mediational processes

A

Mental factors mediate in the learning process to determine a new response is acquired

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15
Q

What are each of the mediational processes

A

Attention- the individual notices someone in their environment
Retention- the individual remember what they have observed
Motor reproduction- the individual replicated the behaviour shown by the model
Motivation- the individual seeks to demonstrate the behaviour that they have observed

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16
Q

How many participants were there in banduras study

A

72 ppts- 36 girls 36 boys

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17
Q

How were the groups split

A

Randomly split into 3 groups of 24
1. Aggressive group- then split into gender
2. Non-aggressive- then split into gender
3. Non aggressive (controlled)

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18
Q

What was the independent variable in banduras study

A

Behaviour of models

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19
Q

What was the dependent variable

A

Reaction of children

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20
Q

What were the findings of bandura’s study

A

-children shown the aggressive model tended to be more aggressive towards the bobo doll
- boys acted and behaved like the male figure more than girls

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21
Q

Evaluation of the bobo doll experiment

A

Strengths:
- high level of control meaning high reliability
- exposed to same conditions (continuity)

Limitations:
- ecological validity- bobo doll isn’t a real person and designed to be hit
-artificial- setting was strange and exposed to unusual behaviour
-ethics- long term effects (4 months later they showed same behaviour)

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22
Q

Evaluation of the SLT

A

Strengths:
-acknowledges cognitive thoughts (included mediational processes) soft determinism
- can explain cultural differences
- practical application ( children can learn directly but especially vicariously)

Limitations
- controlled conditions
Artificial
Lacks ecological validity

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23
Q

Key assumptions of cognitive approach

Study These Flashcards
A
  • argues that the human mind can and should be investigated scientifically
  • the goal of cognitive psychology is to learn about mental processes that occur inside the brain and and use them to explain behaviour
  • processes are studied indirectly- cognitive psychologists make inferences
24
Q

Features of the cognitive approach

Study These Flashcards
A
  • theoretical models- working memory model( baddeley and hitch)
    Used to explain unobservable processes in a testable way
    Often represented as a diagram that includes boxes and arrows
  • schemas
25
What is a schema
A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing that helps us organise and interpret information. They develop and evolve with experience and become more detailed.
26
What is cognitive neuroscience
The scientific study of biological structures that underpin cognitive processes
27
What did Burnett et al find
Found that when people feel guilty,several brain regions are active, including the medial prefrontal cortex -an area associated with social emotions
28
Evaluation of cognitive approach
Strengths: - considers mental processes - many applications- big influence on development of therapies -uses scientific methods Less deterministic- acknowledges free will -high internal validity- controlled Limitations: - artificial situations- low external validity- memory tests involving lists of words - roles of emotions are ignored -fails to acknowledge individual differences Machine reductionist
29
What type of determinism is the psychodynamic approach
Psychic determinism
30
What does the tripartite personality consist of
Superego- morality principle 5-6 years ID- selfish, instant gratification from birth EGO- mediator balancing them- employs defence mechanisms to alleviate guilt 2 years
31
What are the 5 stages of the psychosexual stages
1. Oral 0-1 years 2. Anal 1-3 years 3. Phallic 3-5 years 4. Latency Genital
32
What does androcentric mean?
Male-centred
33
What were the two complexes of gender development and who came up with them
Oedipus and electra complex Freud
34
What does the phallic stage consist of
Desire mothers- castration anxiety- identify and internalise fathers moral and behaviour
35
What does the electra complex consist of
Girls experience penis envy- have a hatred for mothers because they believed they had their penis cut off at birth- develops a desire for their father - turns desire to wanting a baby.
36
Outline the little hand study
Freud supported his concept of the Oedipus complex with this study Hans was a five year old boy who developed a phobia of horses after seeing one collapse Freud suggested that Han’s phobia was a form of displacement in which his repressed fear of his father was transferred into horses Horses were merely a symbolic representation of hans real unconscious fear- the fear of castration his father
37
What are the defence mechanisms
Repression- forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind Denial- refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality Displacement- transferring feelings from true source of distressing emotion onto a substitute target
38
Which part of the tripartite system uses the defence mechanism
Used by the EGO to help us balance conflicting demands of the ID and the superego They r unconscious
39
Evaluation of the psychodynamic approach
Strengths: - huge influence in psych Change the way mental health was seen -provided theories- gender, the role of the unconscious - detailed and carefully recorded observations - practical applications Limitations: -Has low scientific rigour Relied on case studies that can’t be generalised and highly subjective - not culture/ gender inclusive Believed feminism was failed masculinity - doesn’t embrace free will- believes our unconscious controls our actions - can’t be falsified Can’t be tested as it’s the unconscious
40
What does rogers say about Freud
That Freud dealt with the ‘sick half’ of psychology
41
Key assumptions of humanistic approach
- fully believes in free will - resist the influence of overiding forces- determinism - study the whole person rather than a part - focuses on individual (idiographic approach) - measures view points and perspective openly and subjectively.
42
Name Maslow’s hierarchy of needs from bottom to top
Physiological needs Safety needs Belonging and loving needs Self-esteem needs Self-actualisation
43
What is self actualisation
The desire to grow psychologically and fulfil one’s full potential- becoming what you are capable of
44
What is the self- concept
How you see yourself now
45
What is the idea self
What you want to be
46
What is a congruent
When your self-concept and ideal self closely match
47
What did rogers suggest
If you have lots of unconditional love regard you increase self-esteem meaning the closer your congruence
48
What are the features of rogerian counselling
-clients set the agender -non-directive -effective therapist should provide genuineness empathy and unconditional positive regard -aim to increase a persons feeling of self worth
49
Evaluation of humanistic approach
Strengths: - holistic Puts the person back in psychology -positive stance to behaviour Journey of personal growth Limitations - holistic Not scientific -Untestable- self-actualisation - limited practical applications Used for mid types of mental health disorders e.g anxiety Rogerian counselling wouldn’t work on severe types -culturally biased Maslow white American male hugely westernised principles would other cultures place the same amount of emphasis on these needs
50
Key assumptions of biological approach and what year
-1980s -everything psychological is at first biological - investigates how biological structures and processes within the body impacts on behaviour -genes affect behaviour and influence individual differences Psychologists should study the brain, nervous system and other biological systems -beloved the mind lives in the brain- contrast to the cognitive approach which sees the mind seperate from the physical brain
51
What is a genotype
The genetic make up of an individual. A collection of inherited genetic material that is passed from generation
52
What is a phenotype
The observable characteristics of an individual. This is a consequence of the interaction of the genotype with the environment
53
What did Darwin argue
That over time organisms become adapted to their environment through biological evolution
54
What is evolution
Any change in the heritable traits within a popular within a population across generations
55
Evaluation of biological approach
Strengths: -scientific approach Psychs scientific credibility High internal ecological validity Low external ecological validity -practical applications Drug therapy Limitations: - hard deterministic -biological underestimates the environmental influence - too difficult to assess the influence of nature nurture -correlation Doesn’t take into account the cause effect Can’t establish cause and effect

Skinner’s Psych (4 decks)

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