approaches

Question 1

wundts role in psychology

Answer 1

-father of psychology
-he set up the first psychology laboratory in Germany and published the first book
-he used controlled environments to establish general theories and perception using introspection
-his work was then later developed by cognitive psychologists

Question 2

wundt ao3

Answer 2

-moving psychology away from its philosophical roots
-not reliable as it relies on subjective experiences

Question 3

introspection

Answer 3

-focuses on present experiences
-individuals conscious experience is systematically analysed
-focus on object whilst listening to a stimulus e.g metronome and look inwards
-analysis is broken up into components of thoughts images and sensations

Question 4

assumptions of psychodynamic approach

Answer 4

-behaviour is due to unconscious motives
-focuses on past experiences
-our understanding of ourselves is distorted by defence mechanisms

Question 5

the role of the unconscious

Answer 5

-contains informations we are not consciously aware of such as repressed memories
-unconscious protects our conscious self from anxiety and fears
-drives much of our behaviour such as personality and behaviours

Question 6

conscious

Answer 6

part of the mind that we know about and aware of

Question 7

preconscious

Answer 7

-part of the mind that is just below the conscious mind
-includes thoughts and ideas we may become aware of during dreams or slips of tongue

Question 8

unconscious

Answer 8

-part of the mind that we are unaware of e.g biological drives and instincts that have been repressed or locked away
-but continue to drive our behaviour

Question 9

assumptions of cognitive approach

Answer 9

-mental processes affect our behaviour e.g thoughts, memories and perceptions that should be studied scientifically
-mind works like a computer e.g input-process-output
-argues we have schemas that drive our behaviour

Question 10

what is meant by inferences

Answer 10

the process where cognitive psychologists go beyond immediate evidence to draw logical assumptions about how internal mental processes drive our behaviour
-based on observed behaviour but not directly inferred

Question 11

study of internal mental processes

Answer 11

-argues internal mental processes can be studied scientifically but investigating memory, perception and thinking
-believes we actively process and organise information we receive rather than respond passively to our environment
-suggest our internal mental processes are ‘private’ and can’t be observed
-so they are studied indirectly through inferences on an individuals behaviour

Question 12

the use of theoretical and computer models

Answer 12

-cognitive psychologists argue that the mind functions like a computer
-information processing model applied the idea of the human mind functioning like a computer
-three stage process

Question 13

input

Answer 13

receive the information from the environment via our senses e.g sight+smell and it is encoded

Question 14

information processing

Answer 14

-the info is now processed
-we store the information as a memory

Question 15

output

Answer 15

-the appropriate behaviour, emotion is performed
-or retrieval of information occurs

Question 16

what is meant by a schema

Answer 16

-form of internal mental processes
-they are mental representations (collection of ideas)
-created through unique knowledge and experience

Question 17

why are schemas beneficial

Answer 17

-beliefs based on past experience which can help us to predict what might happen
-help us make quick decisions and prevent us from being overwhelmed by information from the environment

Question 18

why schemas may not be beneficial

Answer 18

-can caused biased recall as we may recall what we expect to see rather than what we have actually witnessed
-negative schemas may make an individual more vulnerable to depression

Question 19

cognitive approach ao3

Answer 19

-soft determinism
-practical applications e.g led to CBT
-machine reductionism

Question 20

ID

Answer 20

-unconscious part of the mind
-present at birth
-expects immediate gratification
-if too overpowering can produce a selfish personality

Question 21

EGO

Answer 21

-rational and conscious part of the mind
-forms from 18 months to 3 years
-balances the demands to reduce conflict between ID and SUPEREGO using defence mechanisms

Question 22

SUPEREGO

Answer 22

-forms between 3-6 years
-arises through identification with same sex parent
-our internalised sense of right and wrong
-if too overpowering can produce an anxious personality or guilt

Question 23

what is a defence mechanism

Answer 23

-unconscious strategies that the ego uses to manage conflict between ID and SUPEREGO
-e.g repression- forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind

Question 24

repression

Answer 24

forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind to the unconscious

Question 25

denial

Answer 25

refusing the acknowledge an unpleasant aspect of reality

Question 26

displacement

Answer 26

transferring feelings from the true source of distress onto a less threatening substitute target

Question 27

oral stage

Answer 27

0-1 years
-gratification for the id is gained from the mouth such a dummies
-leads to oral fixation e.g smoking, nail biting

Question 28

anal stage

Answer 28

1-3 years
-gratification for the id is gained from the anus such as expulsion or withholding of poo
-anal retention= perfectionist/obsessive
-anal expulsive= thoughtless/messy

Question 29

phallic stage

Answer 29

3-5 years
-gratification for the id is gained from exploring their own gentians
-phallic personality= narcissistic, reckless

Question 30

latency

Answer 30

6-12 years
-earlier conflicts are repressed

Question 31

genital

Answer 31

12 years
-sexual desires become conscious alongside puberty
-difficulty forming heterosexual relationships

Question 32

psychodynamic approach ao3

Answer 32

-psychic determinism
-practical applications (psychoanalysis)
-does not use scientific methods, lacks scientific rigour

Question 33

humanistic assumptions

Answer 33

-all humans can determine their behaviour and have free will
-innate need to self actualise and will achieve this provided they have the right environment for personal growth
-a persons subjective experience and understanding of the world is of greater importance to persons objective reality

Question 34

free will

Answer 34

-humanism argues that free will is possible
-humans are self determining do our behaviour is due to choices and we can reject internal or external influences e.g genes
-we have free will to make choices to enable personal change and growth

Question 35

conditions of worth

Answer 35

-if a person has low self esteem and worthlessness in adulthood maybe be consequence of early childhood due to conditions of worth
-parents place limits on their love e.g i will love you if…
-lead to incongruence
-dealt by PCT

Question 36

congruence

Answer 36

-consistency between perceived self and your ideal self
-if this occurs enables a person to show personal growth and achieve their goals
-when there is a mismatch between perceived and ideal self we are in a state of INCONGRUENCE, low self worth and poor psychological health
-rogers suggests going through counselling in order to close the gap and develop healthier view of them self

Question 37

person centred therapy

Answer 37

-important form of modern day counselling
-transformed therapy by introducing a variety of techniques
-saw the individual as an expert of their own condition
-NON DIRECTIVE
-client is encouraged to exert FREE WILL and discover solutions to their own problems
-forward looking therapy as it focuses on present problems rather than past like psychoanalysis
-aim is to increase self worth and reduce incongruence
-importance of warm supportive environment, therapist must show empathy, genuineness, unconditional positive regard

Question 38

humanistic approach ao3

Answer 38

-cultural relativism
-more positive stance
-practical application (PCT)

Question 39

learning approach SLT assumptions

Answer 39

-learning is through observing a model and imitating them
-considers cognitive factors involved in learning behaviour
-we learn behaviour directly and indirectly

Question 40

observational learning

Answer 40

-identification is where an individual associates with a role model due to similar or status so more likely to imitate the behaviours of role model
-imitation is when individual observes role models behaviour and copies it
-vicarious reinforcement is when an individual sees role model being rewarded for behaviour, they are more likely to repeat that behaviour in order to receive same reward
-leads to modelling, where the role model displays to the individual which behaviour to imitate

Question 41

meditational processes

Answer 41

occur between stimulus and response
ATTENTION- learning occurs when they attend to models behaviour, attention must be captured
RETENTION- to reproduce models behaviour must store memory in LTM, more likely to be stored if easy and observed repeatedly
REPRODUCTION- individuals must assess whether they have the skills and capabilities to reproduce the behaviour, more likely to be repeated if simple
MOTIVATION- individual must be motivated to imitate behaviour through vicarious reinforcement or identification with model

Question 42

SLT ao3

Answer 42

-soft determinism
-practical applications
-alternative exp.
-bandura bobo doll