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approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two types of conditioning in the behavioural approach?

A

operant and classical conditioning

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2
Q

what is behaviourism also known as?

A

the learning theory

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3
Q

what are three main assumptions of behaviourism?

A

1.nearly all behaviour is learnt
2. animals and humans learn in the same way
3. the mind is irrelevant

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4
Q

what is meant by classical conditioning in behaviourism?

A

Pavlov’s dogs: ASSOCIATION
1.food (unconditioned stimulus) = salvation (unconditioned response)
2.food (ucs) + bell (neutral stimulus) = salvation (ucr)
3.bell (conditioned stimulus) =salvation (conditioned response)

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5
Q

what is meant by positive reinforcement in operant conditioning?

A

when something desirable is obtained in response to doing something.
eg. giving a chocolate bar to a well behaved child for encouragement of that behaviour.

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6
Q

what is meant by negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?

A

when something undesirable is removed when something happens.

eg. being told there is no extra homework if you pass your test

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7
Q

explain what skinners experiment involved to investigate operant conditioning.

A

*placed a rat in a box with a different stimuli.

*if the lever was pressed the dispenser would give food.

*initially, the rat would accidently press the lever and was rewarded with food. the more the rat was put in the box, the quicker it learnt to press the lever.

*animals can learn through operant conditioning.it can be positively reinforced by giving food.

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8
Q

evaluation of skinners rats (4)

A

ethical issues- no protection from harm
application to humans is weak
ecological validity
sample size is very small

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9
Q

what does modelling mean in the social learning theory?

A

it involved observing and imitating another person.
it requires identification(where qualities and characteristics are picked up on).
the model will often be someone significant to the individual

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10
Q

what are the 4 mediational processes in the social learning theory?

A

attention
retention
reproduction
motivation

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11
Q

what is meant by attention as a mediation process?

A

to learn, you have to pay attention. once you find a role model, you need to pay full attention and attend to their behaviour.

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12
Q

what is meant by retention as a mediation process?

A

you need to remember what you have observed to be able to model it.

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13
Q

what is meant by reproduction as a mediation process?

A

judging whether you have the ability to reproduce the behaviour.
if you think you are able, you are for more likely to do it.

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14
Q

what is meant by motivation as a mediational process?

A

evaluate he direct and indirect results of imitating the behaviour. if it results in positive rewards you are far more likely to do it.

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15
Q

what does it mean by reductionist theory?

A

it explains things in very basic cause and effect terms.

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16
Q

explain bandura’s procedure, findings and concluson?

A

*used the matched pairs design.

*36 boys, 36 girls

*watched an aggressive adult playing with a bobo doll(condition A) or a non aggressive adult playing with the toys (condition B). The 3rd condition was with children who had no exposure to the models (control group)

*condition A: imitated the aggressive behaviour
condition B: showed very little aggressive behaviour
control: showed slightly higher aggression rates

*aggressive behaviour is learnt through imitation of others behaving aggressively.

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17
Q

what is meant by vicarious reinforcement in the behavioural approach?

A

seeing others being rewarded for behaviour influences someone in whether they should imitate that behaviour.

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18
Q

what is the cognitive approach?

A

trying to explain behaviour by looking at perception, language, attention and memory.
computer models can be used to explain and make inferences about the mental processes that lead to particular behaviours since they cannot be observed directly.

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19
Q

what are the three main research methods used by cognitive psychologists?

A

laboratory experiments- in an artificial environment.

natural experiments- making observations from a naturally occurring situation.

field experiments- take place in a natural situation.

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20
Q

what are the three principles of the cognitive approach?

A

*our mental systems have limited capacity- the amount of information processed can be influenced by task difficulty.

*a control mechanism oversees all mental processes- requires more processing power for new tasks leaving less room for other things.

*there is a two way flow of information- we take in info, process and react. we use our knowledge to do understand.

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21
Q

explain how cognitive psychologists link the brain to a computer model?

A

the brain is a processor, it has data input and output.
some parts of the brain form networks.
some parts can work sequentially (a process must finish before another starts)
and some parts can work in parallel.

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22
Q

what are the AO3 points for computer models in the cognitive approach?

A

*fail to take into account the emotional and motivational factors as it is something computers aren’t affected by.

*humans have an unlimited and unreliable memory, where computers have a limited and reliable memory.

*humans have free will, computers do not.

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23
Q

what is a schema?

A

a template of what you expect/know about a person, object or thing.

24
Q

what are the three types of schema? give a brief explanation of each.

A

role schema: ideas about the behaviour which is expected from someone in a certain role.

event schema: also called scripts. they contain information about what happens in a situation.

self schema: information on our selves based of physical characteristics and personality.

25
Q

what is cognitive neuroscience?

A

an approach in psychology which maps human behaviour to brain functions. Brain-imaging techniques allow psychologists to discover where and when things happen in the brain in relation to behaviour.

26
Q

give 2 strengths of the cognitive approach?

A

*it considers the mental processes which are overlooked in other approaches.

*it has a big influence on the development of therapies.(CBT)

27
Q

give 2 weaknesses of the cognitive approach?

A

*the research carried out is often in artificial settings. This impacts the reliability and the validity to other social settings.

*it fails to take individual differences into account by assuming we all process things in the same way.

28
Q

what are the three basic assumptions made by the biological approach?

A

*human behaviour can be explained by looking at biological factors like hormones, genetics, evolution and the nervous system.

*explain through biological causes and there fore behaviour can be modified or removed via biological treatments.

*research conducted using animals can inform us about human behaviour and biological influences due to similarities.

29
Q

explain Dawin’s theory of evolution in the biological approach?

A

*overtime, individuals who are better adapted via better genes, are more likely to survive and reproduce. those who don’t have good genes will be less likely to survive and reproduce.

*eventually, the less useful genes will be eliminated. this is called natural selection.

*humans have became better adapted to their environments , for example phobias and aggression may have survived due to the survival advantage they gave.

30
Q

what is a genotype?

A

a persons genes they have.

31
Q

what is a phenotype?

A

a persons characteristics their genes produce.

32
Q

how can genetics explain psychological traits?

A

*biological psychologists believe that genetics can explain things like intelligence, gendered behaviour, personality and sexual orientation.

*genetics can make people more likely to develop mental illnesses.

33
Q

what is the biological theory of genetics in twins?

A

identical twins share 100% of genetics. so in theory, if schizophrenia has a purely genetic basis and if one twin has it, the other must too.

non-identical twins share 50% of genetics so the risk of them both developing it should be lower.

34
Q

what did Gottesman find in his study of 40 twins?

A

having an identical with schizophrenia gave you a 48% chance of developing the condition. this reduced by 17% in non-identical twins.

35
Q

give 2 evaluation points on the twin study by Gottesman.

A

*it was a meta-analysis so it has high ecological validity.

*there must be another factor involved as only half of the cases both developed it. (eg. environmental factors)

36
Q

what was the procedure and findings of Heston’s adoption study?

A

*47 adopted who’s mothers suffered from schizophrenia. 50 adopted who’s mothers did not suffer. children where followed up as adults through interviews and intelligence/ personality tests.

*5/47 became schizophrenic in the experimental group, 0 out of the control group. another 4 of the experimental group where classed as borderline schizophrenic.

this suggests that schizophrenia does have a form of genetic basis.

37
Q

give 2 evaluation points of the adoption study in the biological approach.

A

*data can be affected by social desirability bias.

*data is collected using an ecologically valid longitudinal study.

38
Q

explain the psychodynamic approach.

A

*emphasises the active nature of mental processes and their role of shaping personality and behaviour.

*human behaviour has an unconscious cause that we are not aware of.

*childhood are really important influence on the development of adult personality and mental disorders.

39
Q

what are the three levels of consciousness?

A

conscious
preconscious
unconscious

40
Q

what is meant by conscious in the psychodynamic approach?

A

where we are aware of things at any given time.

41
Q

what is meant by preconscious in the psychodynamic approach?

A

made up of memories that we can recall when we want to

42
Q

what is meant by unconscious in the psychodynamic approach?

A

made up of memories that are repressed because they bring out anxiety. however it can still influence behaviour.

43
Q

what is the id in the psychodynamic approach?

A

the basic part of personality that contains our innate, aggressive and sexual instincts.

44
Q

what is the ego in the psychodynamic approach?

A

acts as a rational part known as the ‘reality principle’. it develops within the first 3 years after birth. keeps our behaviour in line.

45
Q

what is the super ego in the psychodynamic approach?

A

part of the mind that takes our morals into consideration and is involved in making us feel guilty. it develops around 4-5 and includes ideas of how to behave from our parents.

46
Q

explain what repression means in the psychodynamic approach?

A

the ego stopping unwanted and possible painful thoughts from becoming conscious.

47
Q

explain what denial means in the psychodynamic approach?

A

where a threatening event or unwanted memory is ignored and blocked from the conscious.

48
Q

explain what displacement is the psychodynamic approach?

A

when a negative impulse is redirected onto something or someone else.

49
Q

what where Freud’s 5 stages of development? give slight detail of the consequences.

A

*oral(0-18m)- sucking behaviour

*anal(18m-3.5y)-

*phallic(3.5-6y)-genital fixation

*latent(6-puberty)- repressed sexual urges

*genital(puberty-=adult)- awakened sexual urges

50
Q

what was the name of the case Freud investigated?

A

little hans

51
Q

what are the strengths of the psychodynamic approach?

A

*the first approach to focus on psychological causes of disorders.

*first to highlight that mental disorders may be due to unresolved conflicts related to biological needs.

*it offers therapy for people to understand the cause of their problems so that resolving them may become easier.

*emphasises how childhood experiences can affect later development.

52
Q

what are the weaknesses to the psychodynamic approach?

A

*unreliable and open to bias

*it is related to the unconscious mind and therefore theories are unfalsifiable(cant be proven wrong)

*focuses on past rather than present.

*the approach is based of case studies , so it is hard to generalise.

53
Q

What is the humanistic approach?

A

It focuses in the person as a whole. It takes into account feelings resther than just observational behaviour. It is an ideographic approach (focuses on the individual) and highlights free will.

54
Q

Explain Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

A

Self actualisation
Need for esteem
Need for love and belonging
Need for safety
Psychological needs related to survival

It is a categorised visual representation of how an individual to reach their full potential.

55
Q

AO3 points of the humanistic approach?

A

It is an idiographic approach, unlike many other approaches.

Not a lot of evidence in support of mazlow’s hierarchy

56
Q

What is self actualisation?

A

A strong sense of self awareness
Fully accepting the view of themselves
The ability to deal its uncertainty and the unknown
A strong sense of creativity

psychology paper 2 (3 decks)

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