Approaches Flashcards
1
Q
First psychology lab
A
Created by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 in Leipzig
2
Q
Introspection
A
Looking at your thoughts, feelings and sensations then reporting back
3
Q
4 Scientific processes
A
- Falsifiable
- Replicable
- Objective
- General Laws
- Systematic
FROGS
4
Q
Genotype
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A persons unique genetic make up
5
Q
Phenotype
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When gene’s are influenced by environmental factors
6
Q
Informational processing model
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We all get the same input. - We process things differently because we have different things. - DIfferent output
7
Q
4 Schema reconstructors
A
- Assimlation
- DisEquilibrium
3.Accomodation
4.Equilibrium
8
Q
Inference
A
Make an educated guess on a phenomena we cannot see
9
Q
Social learning theory
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Watching and imitating our role models
10
Q
Bandura aim
A
To see whether aggression could be modelled by adult models to younger kids
11
Q
Bandura Procedure
A
- 36 males and 36 females ranging from 37 to 69 months of age.
- 8 experimental groups with 6 ppts each.
- Half the groups observed an aggressive model, whereas others observed an unaggressive model
- Aggressive model would attack a doll in a room
- unaggressive would sit passively.
-the ppts would then be taken to a room with a doll of their own where they couldn’t play with the doll for 2 mins to build arousal they were then observed
12
Q
Bandura Findings
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Children who observed aggressive model displayed far more aggressive responses than those that observed unaggresive model
13
Q
Bandura Evaluations
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Pros - Samples well balanced between males and females
Practical applicatiions as can be used to stop parents from arguing in front of children
4 year olds are being taught to be aggressive ethical concerns
14
Q
Vicarious reinforcement
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When someone observes success and then wants to repeat it themself
15
Q
Mediational processes
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- Attention
- Retention
- Reproduction
- Motivation
16
Q
Classical conditoning
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Pavlov dog and bell with food research learning through association
17
Q
Operant conditioning
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Skinner and rats with lever showing reinforcement learning through consequence
18
Q
Positive reinforcement
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Increasing frequency of a desired behaviour by giving pleasant consequences
19
Q
Negative reinforcement
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Increasing frequency of a desired behaviour by removing something unpleasant
20
Q
Punishment
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Decreasing frequency of an undesired behaviour by giving unpleasant consequences
21
Q
Continuous reinforcement
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The desired behaviour is reinforced everytime it occurs results in stronger response
22
Q
Partial reinforcement
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The desired behaviour is only reinforced part of the time
23
Q
Thorndikes law of effect
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Any behaviour that is rewarded will likely be repeated and any behaviour that is punished will likely become extinct
24
Q
Pavlovs research
A
Classical conditioning, Dog associates food with bell and bell causes conditioned response of salvation
25
Skinners research
Operant conditioning. Rat learns through consequence which lever will drop food and which will shock the floor
26
ID
Selfish and wants pleasure unconscious
27
Super ego
Conscience and ideal ego opposing ID desires
28
Ego
the balance of the ID and super ego and the executive of the personality
29
Defense mechanisms
1. Denial
2. Repression
3. Displacement
30
Displacement
Redirection of impulse onto a powerless substitute
31
Denial
Blocking external events from awareness
32
Psychosexual stages
1. Oral - 0-1
2. Anal 1-3
3. Phallic 3-6
4. Latent 6-11
5. Genital 12+
33
Maslows hierarchy of needs
1. Physiological needs
2. Safety needs
3. Love and belonging needs
4. Esteem needs
5. Self- actualisation
34
Rogers focus on the self
1. The perceived self - who you feel you are
2. The ideal self - who you wish to be
3. The real self - who u actually are
35
Congruence
Consistency between ideal self and real self
36
Evaluation of biological approach
1. Nature
2. Scientific
3. Determinism
4. Practical applications
5. Socially sensitive
37
Imitation
Simply copying a behaviour but not taking on the attitudes or beliefs of the individual you are copying
38
Role model identification
Identifying with somone you look up to. Usually a significant person in someones life
39
Modelling
Modelling behaviour. EG role model shows you how to behave
40
First Psychology book
1873 by Wilhem Wundt Principles of Physiological psychology
41
Structuralism
Attempting to understand what underpins a behaviour rather than focusing on the behaviour itself.
Eg Wundt was interested in what causes and structures our happiness
42
Wundts new Scientific approach to psychology
Based on two assumptions
1. All behaviour is seen as being caused
2. If behaviour is determined then it should be possible to predict how humans will behave in different conditions
43
Wundts scientific methods
- Objective
- Systematic
- Replicable
44
Evaluation of Wundt's scientific approach to psychology
- His contribution at the time was major being the first scientific attempt at exploring behaviour and acted as a huge foundation to build from
- However, his methods are considered non-scientific in todays standards, introspection is too subjective and subject to biases. Lacks temporal validity
45
Griffiths (1994)
- Used introspection to study the cognitive processes of fruit machine gamblers.
- Asked them to think aloud whilst playing a fruit machine into a microphone on their lapel
46
Csikzentmilyi and Hunter (2003)
Used introspection to study happiness in their work in the area of positive psychology
47
Psychology 4 goals
Description - Tell us what occurred
Explanation - Tell us why behaviour occurred
Prediction - Identifies conditions under which future behaviour is likely to occur
Change - Applies psych knowledge to prevent unwanted behaviour and bring about desired change
48
Stimulus - Generalisation
The ability to behave in a new situation in a way that has been learned in other simulation situations. (phobias)
Little albert white rat - fluffy clouds
49
One trial learning
States that learning takes place in a single pairing of a response and stimulus and isn't strengthened over time by repeated exposure to a stimulus
50
Spontaneous Recovery
When a behaviour thought to be extinct suddenly appears again after a short period of time
51
Behaviourist approach evaluations
- Practical applications for treating phobias (desensitisation)
- Provides a strong argument to nurture debate (blank slate)
- Operant and classical conditioning backed up by research into animals extrapolation issues
52
Schemas
Mental representations of what we know..
53
4 types of schemas
1. Objects
2. The self
3. Roles
4. Events
54
Assimilation
Attempting to assimilate new info into existing schemas. Seeing a tiger and thinking its a dog
55
Disequilibrium
Mum tells you its a tiger and not a dog
Leads to gap in current schemas and two options to either change a current schema or create a new schema
56
Accomodation
Looking to alter a current schema if necessary or create a new one if what you've learned is completely new
57
Equilibrium
Order is restored as we have now created a new schema for this new information. Our schemas can explain everything we come across again, which is calming.
58
Cognitive Neuroscience
Combination of bio and cognitive approach
Attempts to understand the biological processes that underpin our thinking and cognitive processing.
59
Practical applications of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Providing help coping with memory disorders
- Finding ways to help ppl recover from brain injury
- Giving individuals with paralysis the ability to move through thinking
60
Evaluation of cognitive approach
- Easily combined with other approaches. CBT is popular and successful treatment for OCD
-Mechanically reductionist to an extent as uses computational models to explain our cognitions and thinking processes.
- Depends largely on controlled experiments to observe human behaviour lacking ecological validity
- Behaviour cannot be observed such as thinking patterns
61
Pleasure principle
Constant drive to reduce tension through the expression of instinctual urges
62
The conscious
Small amount of mental activity we know about
63
Preconscious
Things we could be aware of if we wanted to or tried to
64
Unconscious
Things we are unaware of and can not become aawre of
65
Thematic apperception test (TAT test)
Concept of TAT test is to project your unconscious onto what is happening in a picture. By recounting your perspective of the TAT to a trained psychoanalyst they would be able to gain an insight into your unconscious
66
Morality principle
Superego enforces moral restrictions and operates according to this morality principle
67
Fixation
Failure to successfully navigate past a stage and leaving some energy in that stage
68
Psychoanalysis therapy
Benefits through release of pent up tensions "catharsis"
Inherent value in the talking cure being able to unload and get stuff off the mind
69
Evaluations of psychodynamic approach
- Freuds focus on sexuality as key factor in personality development is socially sensitive to think of children in this way
- Practical applications of psychotherapy helping people and forming talking therapies such as CBT tangible effects for mental health of society
- Advocates psychic determinism and neglects free will
70
Evaluations of social learning theory
- Research supporting theory eg bandura is scienntific and done in lab experiments
- SLT considers thinking processes compared to behaviourist approach, so more holistic in rejecting stimlus- response dynamic
- SLT one of the most successfully applied theories across psychology eg addiction role model for smoking
71
4 elements of biological approach
1. Evolution
2. Genetics
3. Neuroanatomy
4. Neurochemistry
72
Evolution
Those suited to their environment will successfully pass on adaptive genes and those who dont will die. Survival of the fittest.
Behaviour driven by our inbuilt desire to survive and reproduce
73
Neuroanatomy
The structure and design of our brain has an affect on our behaviour. Certain parts of the brain have different roles and functions that can be seen in behaviour. eg different lobes
74
Neurochemistry
Make up of our neurochemistry may affect our behaviour. Dopamine, serotonin and other neurotransmitters are known to affect our behaviour emotions and mood
75
Genetics
Behaviours are hardwired into our brains through our genes eg females cope better with stress in evolutonary past
76
Evaluations of biological approach
- Scientific attempt at explaining behaviour eg dopamine hypothesis falsifiable and empirical.
- Ignores mediational processes and neglects power of cognitions
- Promotes crucial practical applications eg chemical approaches to treating mental health issues
- Too simplistic and reductionist
77
Carl Rogers
Was one of the founders of the humanistic approach. He developed client-centred psychotherapy.
He believes each client has within themself the vast resource for self understand, for altering their self concept attitudes and self directed behaviour
78
Unconditional positive regard
Feeling loved, praised and accepted by family and friends without conditions.
79
Free will (humanism)
Humanists believe we have free will and are in control of our own behaviour.
This approach acknowledges that there are constraints on free will such as laws
80
Unique (humanism)
Humanists believe that we are all different and so should be treated differently.
81
Holistic (humanism)
Humanists argue there is no point in looking at just one aspect of an individual. as if only one part is considered then much of what could be affecting them could be missed
82
Self-Actualisation
- Everyone has an innate drive to achieve their full potential.
- This is known as Self- actualisation - The peak state of existence that any individual can attain.
When it is achieved it can be described as the ultimate feeling of well being and satisfaction. --- However not everyone achieves it and the state of self actualisation is not permanent
83
Incongruence
The greater the gap between the ideal self and actual self, the greater the incongruence.
This can lead to low self-worth and maladjustment
84
Conditions of worth
Requirements an individual believes that they must have to be loved. These can be real or perceived
85
Conditional positive regard
Feeling you need to achieve certain conditions to be loved my family or friends
86
Humanistic approach practical applications
Client - centered therapy, whereby the client is encouraged to develop positive self-regard and overcome mismatch between their perceived self, real self and ideal self
The client-centred approach has influenced many therapies in counselling such as CBT and Gestalt therapy
87
Counselling Psychology Humanism
Client-therapist rship is important to make clients feel comfortable and accepted. They must feel unconditional positive regard so they feel they can be honest and identify barriers to becoming congruent.
88
How does Client-centred therapy work
Mismatch between the perceived self and ideal self is identified
Primary route is to try and increase the clients perceived self to close the gap to their ideal self. The overall goal is to improve someone's self-worth
Client is in charge of what's talked about and it is their responsibility to solve the problems for which they come to the therapy.
The focus is directed towards current problems, rather than issues from the past.
Paraphrasing is used by the counsellor, whereby the counsellor will often repeat what the client says back to them
89
Evidence for Client- Centred Therapy
Gibbard and Hanley 2008
- 70% of ppts showed significant improvement after taking part in client-centred therapy. after a 5 year study
Elliot 2002
- Meta analysis of 86 studies
- Humanistic therapies were shown to produce a significant improvement in clients, compared to no therapy
90
Internal mental processes
Memory
Attention
Perception
91
Why did Wundt use introspection
He intended to use introspection to study higher mental processes such as memory indirectly through observation.
92
"Father of Psychology" Wundt
Wundt is 'the father of psychology' he initiated the move of psychology from a philosophical root to a more scientific and controlled method of research.
