Approaches Flashcards
Repression Defence Mechanism
Unpleasant memories are pushed into the unconscious mind where they’re not accessible to the conscious mind and therefore cannot cause anxiety. However it does still affect behaviour in the unconscious mind
Denial Defence Mechanism
Refusal to accept the reality of an unpleasant situation. This reduces anxiety caused by the situation
Displacement Defence Mechanism
The focus of a strong emotion is expressed into a neutral person or object. This reduces anxiety by allowing expression of that emotion.
Repression Defence Mechanism Effect
No recall of an event or situation
Denial Defence Mechanism Effect
Someone may believe that the situations not negative and therefore it should not cause anxiety. This is not positive thinking, merely a resistance to accept reality.
Displacement Defence Mechanism Effect
Someone may exhibit strong emotion but focus it onto an uninvolved person or object
What are mediational processes and when do they happen
We don’t automatically observe behaviour of a model and imitate it. There’s some thought prior to imitation and this consideration is mediational processes. This occurs between observing the behaviour (stimulus) and imitating it or not (response)
What are the 4 mediational processes
- Attention: For a behaviour to be imitated it has to grab our attention- we observe many behaviours daily- most aren’t noteworthy.
- Retention: Behaviour maybe noticed but not remembered. It’s therefore important memory’s formed. Much of social learnings not immediate
- Reproduction: Not all behaviours possible to imitate- were limited by physical ability. Need to possess the skill set
- Motivation: Rewards+Punishments that follow a behaviour are considered by the observer. If perceived reward outweighs the cost, behaviours more likely to be imitated by the observer
What are the 4 factors in Bandura’s theory
- Modelling: In order for social learning, a model must carry out the behaviour
- Imitation: people will imitate if (1) characteristics of model appeal to them (2)observer has ability/ skill set to do so (3) perceived reward outweighs the risk
- Identification: extent to which an individual relates to a model- observer must feel they’re similar enough to experience a similar outcome to the behaviour
- Vicarious Reinforcement: Reward and punishment do not need to be experienced directly they can observe the consequences and judge whether they’re likely to receive the same outcome. Reward and punishment can work vicariously.
What are the two types of model
Live models (parent teacher ect.)
Symbolic models (someone in TV (character) or media)
What factors influence identification with a model
Gender, ethnicity, status, expertise
Cognitive approach assumptions (3)
- Thought processes can and should be stupid scientifically
- The mind works like a computer
- Stimulus and response is appropriate
What are schema
A collection of ideas about a person or situation formed through experience that act as a cognitive framework to help us organise and interpret information
What’s the information processing model
Input (comes from environment via the senses and is encoded by the individual)
—> Processing (once encoded the info can be processed (eg.schemas))
—> Output (behavioural response)
What’s cognitive neuroscience
the scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental processes
What did Broca do in the 1860s and why’s it significant
Identified how damage to an area of the frontal lobe could permanently impair speech production (now known as Broca’s area)
What brain imagining techniques have been developed in the last {x} years
{20 years}
fMRI and PET scans- allow us to observe and describe the neurological basis of mental processes
fMRI= Functional magnetic resonance imaging
PET= Positron emission tomography
