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PAPER 2 > APPROACHES > Flashcards

APPROACHES Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 thoeries within The Learning Approach

A
  • Behaviourism

- SLT

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2
Q

What are the key Fetures of the behaviourist appraoch

A
  • All bahviour is learned from experience

- All born as blank slates

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of behavioural approaches

A
  • Classical

- Operant

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4
Q

What is Classical Conditioning

A

Learning via association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus to produce a response

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5
Q

What is Stimulus Generalisation

A

Transfer of behaviour from one stimulus to another that is similar in nature

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6
Q

What is Stimulus Discrimination

A

Learning to respond to only one stimulus and to inhabit the response to all other stimulus

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7
Q

Who caried out research into Classical Conditioning

A

Pavlov 1927

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8
Q

What happens before conditioning

A
  • Food (US) leads to salivation (UR)

- Bell (NS) produces no response

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9
Q

What happens during Conditioning

A

Food (US) + Bell (NS) = Salivation

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10
Q

What happens After Conditioning

A

Bell (CS) = Salivation (CR)

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11
Q

What is Operant Conditioning

A

This is Learning Via consequences such as reward and punishment

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12
Q

What is Positive Reinforcement

A

Occurs when behaviour leads to gaining a reward E.g food palet

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13
Q

What is Negative Reinforcement

A

Occurs when behaviour switches off an unpleasant stimulus E.g a lound noise

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14
Q

What is Punishment

A

Occurs when behaviour leads to an unpleasant outcome such as an eletric shock

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15
Q

Who carried out Research into Operant Conditioning

A

Skinner 1953

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16
Q

What was Skinners Procedure

A
  • rat pressed button=learn consequence=Positive Reinforcement
  • loud noise turned off by pressing lever =Negative Reinforcement
  • both leads to increase of lever pressing
  • electric shock every time rat pressed lever=punishment
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17
Q

What is a strength of the evaluation of the Learning approch the Behaviourist Approach

A

-Classicial Conditioning lead to development of new treatment anxiety. E.g., Systematic Desensitisation now effective for phobias=has real life applications

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18
Q

What are 2 weaknesses of Evaluation of the learning approach The Behaviourist Approach

A
  • Systematic Desensitization is costly and time consuming. E.g., takes 6-8 weeks session for therapy to be successful=more cost-effective treatments such as flooding.
  • Skinner done in lab=lack ecological validity=not generaliseable.
  • Behavioural Approach accused ignoring other factors.E.g., the approach ignores cognitive approach=environmentally reductionist
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19
Q

What is SLT

A

Where we learn thorough observation

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20
Q

Define Imitation

A

Copying the Behaviour of a role model

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21
Q

Define Modelling

A

Learning that Involves observations of Actions.

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22
Q

Define Identification

A

A connection between a child and a role model often based on perscieved similarities.

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23
Q

Define Vicarious Reinforcement

A

Learning takes place through observing the consequence of role models in terms of rewards or punishments

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24
Q

who carried out research into SLT

A

Bandura 1961

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25
Q

What was the aim of Banduras study

A

to find out if children learnt aggressive behaviour by observing adults acting in an aggressive manner.

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26
Q

What was Banduras Procedure

A
  • sample of 72 children

- 24 children into 3 conditions 12 boys 12 girls

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27
Q

What happed in all 3 of Banduras Conditions

A

Condtion 1= adult attacked the doll
Conditon 2=same procedure adult did not attack doll
Condition 3=no adult model at all

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28
Q

What is a limitation of Evalution of Learning Approach SLT

A

-Criticised wide use of experimental methods. E.g., studies well controlled and replicable where some are not which doubts relaibility adn validity of findings= Unscientific

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29
Q

What is a strength of Evalution of Learning Approach SLT

A
  • most ppl watch voilent games and TV= Too Simplistic to say SLT is the cuase of Crime= May be Biological factors wether someone is violent or not
  • increased understanding of human development. E,g., Akers found risk of someone being crimianl increased when exposed to model= SLT has had positive impacts on society.
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30
Q

What is the Psychodynamic Approach

A

Unconscious thoughts that operate on the mind and direct human behaviour and exprience.

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31
Q

Who came up with the Psychodynamic Approach

A

Freud (1904)

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32
Q

What is the role of the Unconscious

A

determines most of our behavior

33
Q

what were Frueds 3 levels of thought to explain behaviour

A
  • The Conscious
  • The Pre-Conscious
  • The Unconscious
34
Q

What is the Conscious

A

The part of the brian that we can access

35
Q

What is the Pre-conscious

A

Made up of thoughts that may resurface into the Conscious.

36
Q

what is the Unconscious

A

The primary source of human behavior.

37
Q

What is the Structure Of Personality

A

Freud states that personality is composed of three elements known as the id, the ego, and the superego.

38
Q

What is the Id

A

primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories.

39
Q

What is the super-ego

A

ethical component of the personality and provides the moral standards by which the ego operates.

40
Q

What is the Ego

A

perception of the external world.

41
Q

What are Defence Mechanisms

A

A Strategy to reduce anxiety

42
Q

What are the 3 Defence Mechanism

A
  • Repression
  • Denial
  • Displacement
43
Q

What is Repression

A

unpleasant thoughts or memories are pushed from the conscious mind.

44
Q

What is Denial

A

the conscious refusal to perceive that painful facts exist.

45
Q

What is Discplacement

A

a person redirects a negative emotion from its original source

46
Q

How does Repression have an Effect on Behaviour

A

Repression of emotions can cause anxiety, stress and depression.

47
Q

How does Denial have an Effect on Behaviour

A
48
Q

How does Displacement have an Effect on Behaviour

A

may allow an individual temporarily to ‘cut-off’ attention from a threatening stimulus.

49
Q

Who came Up with the idea Of Defence Mechanisms

A

Anna Freud

50
Q

What are Psychosexual stages

A

A series of stages that every individual develops through from birth to puberty.

51
Q

What is Fixation

A

Conflict During Development through a psychosexual stage. Individual Becomes stuck in that stage.

52
Q

What are the 5 stages in Psychosexual Stages

A
  • Oral 0-18 months
  • Anal 18m-3y
  • Phallic 3-6y
  • Latency 6-
  • genital Puberty+
53
Q

What is the Oral Stage

A

infant gets most of their pleasure from their mouth. This is associated with behaviors like eating and thumb-sucking.

54
Q

What is the Anal Stage

A

focus of the libido was on controlling bladder and bowel movements.

55
Q

What is the Phallic Stage

A

focus of the libido is on the genitals. At this age, children also begin to discover the differences between males and females

56
Q

What is the Latency Stage

A

Children develop social skills, values and relationships with peers and adults outside of the family.

57
Q

What is the Genital Stage

A

individual develops a strong sexual interest in the opposite sex.

58
Q

What are 2 limitations Of the Psychodynamic Approach

A
  • Use of Case Studies. E.g., Little Hans= Individual= Might not generalise to others
  • Contradicting Evidence for the Psychoanalysis. E.g., Eysenck found 66% success 70% not receiving the same treatment recovered=T.S.T Could be down ot Spontaneous recovery
59
Q

What is a strength To the Psychodynamic Approach

A

-Approach important in later development. E.g., children right reform= Children should be nurtured.

60
Q

What the 4 basic Assumptions of the Humanistic Approach

A
  • Every Individual is unique
  • Free will
  • People Should Be Viewed Hostically
  • Scientific method not appropriate
61
Q

What are the 2 Concepts of the Humanistic Approach

A
  • Free Will

- Self-actualisation

62
Q

What is the Concept of Free Will

A

People are not affected by External factors or internal influence but we have the ability to determine our own development

63
Q

What is the Concept of Self-Actualisation

A

Everyone has an innate drive to achieve their full potential.

64
Q

What is Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

A

all 5 basic needs need to be met to achieve full potential

65
Q

What are the 5 basic needs in Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

A
  • Physiiological
  • safety
  • Love/Belonging
  • Esteem
  • Self-Actualisation
66
Q

what are Physiological needs

A

Food, water, sex, sleep

67
Q

What the needs of Self-Actualisation

A

morality, creativity, porblem solving

68
Q

who came up with the idea on Focus on the Self

A

Carl Rogers

69
Q

What are the 3 types of self

A
  • The self concept
  • The ideal Self
  • The Real self
70
Q

What is the self-concept

A

The self you fell you are

71
Q

What is the Ideal Self

A

The self you wish you to be

72
Q

What is the Real Self

A

The person you think are but who you tend to wish you are

73
Q

What is Congruence

A

a state in which a person’s ideal self and actual experience are very similar.

74
Q

What are Conditions of Worth

A

Requirements that the individual feels they need to meet to be loved.

75
Q

What is Counselling Psychology

A

providing therapeutic treatments to clients who experience a wide variety of symptoms, to help people of all ages deal with emotional, social, developmental, and other life concerns.

76
Q

What type of therapy did Rogers Develop

A

person-centered therapy.

77
Q

What are 2 Limitations of the Humanistic Approach

A
  • Concepts are difficult to test= difficult to support with empirical evidence. E.g., concept of Congruence and the slef are abstract cannot be direclty observered. Basic assumptions difficult to assess in terms of reliablity and validity
  • Self-actualisation acused of being culturally baised. E.g., is individualistic cultures focus on the self=Concpets may not generalise to other cultures
  • Humanistic Approach says were all unique. Scientific testing not appropriate to study humans and generalise=weak criticism lack of scientific evidence
78
Q

What is a Strength of the Humanistic Approach

A

-Approach led to successful therapy options. E.g., Sexton foudn client-centred were successful for certain people=Made poitive Contributions to lives of patients.

PAPER 2 (3 decks)

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