Approach to Pediatric Immunizations Flashcards
A credible internet resource pertaining to adult and pediatric immunizations
cdc.gov
Addressing common vaccine myths:
- MMR causes autism
- People w/ egg allergies can’t get influenza vaccines
- Vaccines cause disease
- Not getting immunizations decreases overall lifetime risk for child
- False
- They can
- False, live attenuated vaccines may result in short-term sx like fatigue and rash but not disease itself
- False
Define:
- Vaccination
- Vaccine
- Immunization
- Immunity
- Vaccination is the process of administering vaccine
- Vaccine stimulates body’s immune system to initiate immunization
- Immunization is the process of undergoing body changes to develop immunity
- Immunity is the state in which person is protected/resistant against disease
Define endemic:
- Disease that occurs at ______ in the population
- Example: UK declared ______ as endemic after resurgence due to 2 factors _______
- Disease that occurs at predictable & consistent rate
- Declared measles as endemic due to globalization and vaccine hesitancy
Individual immunity provides what sort of protection against diseases that kill or permanently impair?
Long-term, sometimes life-long
How does herd (community) immunity work?
Enough to meet disease-specific threshold amount of people protected from disease, thereby somewhat protecting those who are only partially immunized and those who are not immunized at all.
True or false:
- Vaccines are 100% effective and those who are fully immunized are guaranteed to be protected against the disease
False
What can occur when community vaccination rates drop below threshold of herd immunity?
Widespread disease outbreaks
In terms of public health, vaccinations are beneficial because they reduce/prevent:
- 4.
- deaths
- illness
- hospitalizations
- direct and indirect healthcare costs
What age group receives the most concentrated amount of vaccines and is deemed most crucial for vaccination?
Birth-2 yo
When a vaccine is given is dependent on what 2 factors?
- When body’s immune system is optimally functioning
- Earliest possible age
Why are boosters needed for some vaccines?
Some vaccines do not provide lifetime protection. If vaccine effectiveness “wears off” adults can get disease and pass onto unprotected populations (i.e. infants)
- True or false: Normally, vaccines should be given early if possible.
- Under what circumstance might that change?
- False, follow schedule established by CDC
- CDC gives specific recommendations during an outbreak
Active immunization works by adminstering _____ into host to induce _______
Adminstering antigen into host to induce formation of antibodies and cell-mediated immunity
Active immunization utilizes what 2 things?
- killed or inactive immunogen
- live attenuated immunogen
5 characterisitics of an ideal immunogen
- Completely prevent disease
- Prevent carrier state
- Toxicity absence
- Prolonged protection w/ minimal immunizations
- Available for mass distribution (cheap, easy to give)
What kind of immunization?
- Protection that is prolonged but takes time to develop (delayed results and effects)
- Less frequent immunizations
- Occassionally develop concurrent cell-mediated immunity
Active Immunization
Passive immunizations works by:
- ______ to host using ______ such as 2 things: _______
Transfer of immunity to host using pre-formed immunologic products such as: immunoglobulins and products of cellular immune system (i.e. IFN)
Passive immunization is useful for:
- Patients who _______
- Preventing disease _______
- Treating conditions for which _______
- Patients who can’t form antibodies
- Preventing disease post-exposure
- Treating coniditions for which active immunization is unavailable (i.e. snake bites)
Potential complication for passive immunization that utilizes human immunoglobulins
Transient hypotension and pruritis (rare)
Potential complication for passive immunization utilizing animal immunoglobulin
Anaphylaxis (hypersensitivity)
Which lasts longer human or animal immunoglobulin?
human
Name the type of vaccine:
- Include the “parts” that best stimulate immune responses
Sub-unit antigen
Name the type of vaccine:
- Immunogenic polysaccharide capsule that surrounds pathogens is combined with carrier proteins to trigger T-cell dependent immunity to polysaccharide and strengthen immune memory
Conjugated
Name the type of vaccine:
- Immunogenic polysaccharide capsule that surrounds pathogens is NOT combined with carrier proteins
Unconjugated
Name the type of vaccine:
- Administering version of microbe that has been weakened in lab induces stronger mucosal immunity development
- NOT recommended for patients who are immunocompromised or have recently received blood products
Live attenuated
Name the type of vaccine:
- Organism is carefully killed (thermally or chemically) but retains immunogenicity
Killed/inactivated
Name the type of vaccine:
- Toxin released by bacteria is inactivated but bacteria itself remains immunogenic
Toxoid
Name the vaccine:
- Yearly administered, quadrivalent (protect against 2 A’s and 2 B’s)
- Given to everyone (all age groups)
- Inactivated/killed intra-muscular or live attenuated nasal forms
Influenza vaccine
Name the vaccine:
- 2 quadrivalent conjugated for strains A/C/Y/W
- 2 dose series: once 11-12 yo, second 16-18 yo
- 2 unconjugated for strain B
- Available for 10-25 yo but recommended 16 yo
Meningococcal vaccine
Name the vaccine:
- 2 versions:
- Conjuagted 13-valent for healthy 2, 4, 6, 12-15 mos
- Conjugated 23-valent for high risk or >24 mos
Pneumococcal vaccine
Name the vaccine:
- Capsular antigen conjugated w/ tetanus or Neisseria meningitidis-derived carrier protein
- 3-4 doses at 2,4, sometimes 6, 12-15 mos
- Can be given w/ DPT/IPV
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B vaccines (Hib)
Name the vaccine:
- Recombinant DNA-produced surface antigen
- Helps to prevent acute and chronic liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, and death
- Lack of protection/infection at birth leads to chronic carrier state
- 3 dose series: birth, 1-2 mos, 6 mos
Hepatitis B vaccine
Name the vaccine:
- Two single-antigen inactivated
- 2 dose series: 12 mos and 18-30 mos
Hepatitis A vaccine
Name the vaccine:
- Protects against whooping cough and M. spasms that can progress to respiratory failure
- 5 dose series: 2, 4, 6, 15-18 mos and 4-6 yo
DTaP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis)
Name the vaccine:
- Protects against whooping cough and M. spasms that can progress to respiratory failure
- Given at 7 yo
Tdap (Tetanus and pertussis)
Name the vaccine:
- Protects against whooping cough and M. spasms that can progress to respiratory failure
- Given every 10 yrs or 5 yrs if dirty wound
Td (Tetanus only)
Name the vaccine:
- Protects against virus that is considered eradicated in the U.S but endemic in some parts of world
- In the U.S. currently only given in the inactivated form
- 4 dose series: 2, 4, 6-18 mos and 4-6 yo
Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)
Name the vaccine:
- Protect against 2 most common strains (Type 16 and 18)
- Crucial in protecting against cervical cancer
- Recommended for boys and girls 11-12 yo
Human Papillomavirus Vaccine (HPV)
Name the vaccine:
- Protects against virus that results in chickenpox
- Significant declined incidence disease in U.S.
- 2 dose series: 12 mos, 4-6 yo
Varicella Vaccine
Name the vaccine:
- Protects against disease that has been largely eliminated in U.S. but saw a resurgence in 2014
- 2 dose series: 12 mos, 4-6 yo
Measle, Mumps and Rubella Vaccine (MMR)
Name the vaccine:
- Live attenuated
- Protect against virus-induced acute diarrheal disease in infants
- 2-3 dose series: 2, 4, and somtimes 6 mos
- Small risk of intussusception
Rotavirus vaccine
