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PCM II Final > Approach to Pediatric Immunizations > Flashcards

Approach to Pediatric Immunizations Flashcards

1
Q

A credible internet resource pertaining to adult and pediatric immunizations

A

cdc.gov

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2
Q

Addressing common vaccine myths:

  1. MMR causes autism
  2. People w/ egg allergies can’t get influenza vaccines
  3. Vaccines cause disease
  4. Not getting immunizations decreases overall lifetime risk for child
A
  1. False
  2. They can
  3. False, live attenuated vaccines may result in short-term sx like fatigue and rash but not disease itself
  4. False
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3
Q

Define:

  • Vaccination
  • Vaccine
  • Immunization
  • Immunity
A
  • Vaccination is the process of administering vaccine
  • Vaccine stimulates body’s immune system to initiate immunization
  • Immunization is the process of undergoing body changes to develop immunity
  • Immunity is the state in which person is protected/resistant against disease
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4
Q

Define endemic:

  • Disease that occurs at ______ in the population
  • Example: UK declared ______ as endemic after resurgence due to 2 factors _______
A
  • Disease that occurs at predictable & consistent rate
  • Declared measles as endemic due to globalization and vaccine hesitancy
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5
Q

Individual immunity provides what sort of protection against diseases that kill or permanently impair?

A

Long-term, sometimes life-long

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6
Q

How does herd (community) immunity work?

A

Enough to meet disease-specific threshold amount of people protected from disease, thereby somewhat protecting those who are only partially immunized and those who are not immunized at all.

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7
Q

True or false:

  • Vaccines are 100% effective and those who are fully immunized are guaranteed to be protected against the disease
A

False

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8
Q

What can occur when community vaccination rates drop below threshold of herd immunity?

A

Widespread disease outbreaks

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9
Q

In terms of public health, vaccinations are beneficial because they reduce/prevent:

      1. 4.
A
  1. deaths
  2. illness
  3. hospitalizations
  4. direct and indirect healthcare costs
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10
Q

What age group receives the most concentrated amount of vaccines and is deemed most crucial for vaccination?

A

Birth-2 yo

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11
Q

When a vaccine is given is dependent on what 2 factors?

A
  1. When body’s immune system is optimally functioning
  2. Earliest possible age
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12
Q

Why are boosters needed for some vaccines?

A

Some vaccines do not provide lifetime protection. If vaccine effectiveness “wears off” adults can get disease and pass onto unprotected populations (i.e. infants)

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13
Q
  • True or false: Normally, vaccines should be given early if possible.
  • Under what circumstance might that change?
A
  • False, follow schedule established by CDC
  • CDC gives specific recommendations during an outbreak
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14
Q

Active immunization works by adminstering _____ into host to induce _______

A

Adminstering antigen into host to induce formation of antibodies and cell-mediated immunity

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15
Q

Active immunization utilizes what 2 things?

A
  • killed or inactive immunogen
  • live attenuated immunogen
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16
Q

5 characterisitics of an ideal immunogen

A
  1. Completely prevent disease
  2. Prevent carrier state
  3. Toxicity absence
  4. Prolonged protection w/ minimal immunizations
  5. Available for mass distribution (cheap, easy to give)
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17
Q

What kind of immunization?

  • Protection that is prolonged but takes time to develop (delayed results and effects)
  • Less frequent immunizations
  • Occassionally develop concurrent cell-mediated immunity
A

Active Immunization

18
Q

Passive immunizations works by:

  • ______ to host using ______ such as 2 things: _______
A

Transfer of immunity to host using pre-formed immunologic products such as: immunoglobulins and products of cellular immune system (i.e. IFN)

19
Q

Passive immunization is useful for:

  1. Patients who _______
  2. Preventing disease _______
  3. Treating conditions for which _______
A
  1. Patients who can’t form antibodies
  2. Preventing disease post-exposure
  3. Treating coniditions for which active immunization is unavailable (i.e. snake bites)
20
Q

Potential complication for passive immunization that utilizes human immunoglobulins

A

Transient hypotension and pruritis (rare)

21
Q

Potential complication for passive immunization utilizing animal immunoglobulin

A

Anaphylaxis (hypersensitivity)

22
Q

Which lasts longer human or animal immunoglobulin?

A

human

23
Q

Name the type of vaccine:

  • Include the “parts” that best stimulate immune responses
A

Sub-unit antigen

24
Q

Name the type of vaccine:

  • Immunogenic polysaccharide capsule that surrounds pathogens is combined with carrier proteins to trigger T-cell dependent immunity to polysaccharide and strengthen immune memory
A

Conjugated

25
Q

Name the type of vaccine:

  • Immunogenic polysaccharide capsule that surrounds pathogens is NOT combined with carrier proteins
A

Unconjugated

26
Q

Name the type of vaccine:

  • Administering version of microbe that has been weakened in lab induces stronger mucosal immunity development
  • NOT recommended for patients who are immunocompromised or have recently received blood products
A

Live attenuated

27
Q

Name the type of vaccine:

  • Organism is carefully killed (thermally or chemically) but retains immunogenicity
A

Killed/inactivated

28
Q

Name the type of vaccine:

  • Toxin released by bacteria is inactivated but bacteria itself remains immunogenic
A

Toxoid

29
Q

Name the vaccine:

  • Yearly administered, quadrivalent (protect against 2 A’s and 2 B’s)
  • Given to everyone (all age groups)
  • Inactivated/killed intra-muscular or live attenuated nasal forms
A

Influenza vaccine

30
Q

Name the vaccine:

  • 2 quadrivalent conjugated for strains A/C/Y/W
    • 2 dose series: once 11-12 yo, second 16-18 yo
  • 2 unconjugated for strain B
    • Available for 10-25 yo but recommended 16 yo
A

Meningococcal vaccine

31
Q

Name the vaccine:

  • 2 versions:
    • Conjuagted 13-valent for healthy 2, 4, 6, 12-15 mos
    • Conjugated 23-valent for high risk or >24 mos
A

Pneumococcal vaccine

32
Q

Name the vaccine:

  • Capsular antigen conjugated w/ tetanus or Neisseria meningitidis-derived carrier protein
  • 3-4 doses at 2,4, sometimes 6, 12-15 mos
  • Can be given w/ DPT/IPV
A

Haemophilus Influenzae Type B vaccines (Hib)

33
Q

Name the vaccine:

  • Recombinant DNA-produced surface antigen
  • Helps to prevent acute and chronic liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, and death
  • Lack of protection/infection at birth leads to chronic carrier state
  • 3 dose series: birth, 1-2 mos, 6 mos
A

Hepatitis B vaccine

34
Q

Name the vaccine:

  • Two single-antigen inactivated
  • 2 dose series: 12 mos and 18-30 mos
A

Hepatitis A vaccine

35
Q

Name the vaccine:

  • Protects against whooping cough and M. spasms that can progress to respiratory failure
  • 5 dose series: 2, 4, 6, 15-18 mos and 4-6 yo
A

DTaP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis)

36
Q

Name the vaccine:

  • Protects against whooping cough and M. spasms that can progress to respiratory failure
  • Given at 7 yo
A

Tdap (Tetanus and pertussis)

37
Q

Name the vaccine:

  • Protects against whooping cough and M. spasms that can progress to respiratory failure
  • Given every 10 yrs or 5 yrs if dirty wound
A

Td (Tetanus only)

38
Q

Name the vaccine:

  • Protects against virus that is considered eradicated in the U.S but endemic in some parts of world
  • In the U.S. currently only given in the inactivated form
  • 4 dose series: 2, 4, 6-18 mos and 4-6 yo
A

Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)

39
Q

Name the vaccine:

  • Protect against 2 most common strains (Type 16 and 18)
  • Crucial in protecting against cervical cancer
  • Recommended for boys and girls 11-12 yo
A

Human Papillomavirus Vaccine (HPV)

40
Q

Name the vaccine:

  • Protects against virus that results in chickenpox
  • Significant declined incidence disease in U.S.
  • 2 dose series: 12 mos, 4-6 yo
A

Varicella Vaccine

41
Q

Name the vaccine:

  • Protects against disease that has been largely eliminated in U.S. but saw a resurgence in 2014
  • 2 dose series: 12 mos, 4-6 yo
A

Measle, Mumps and Rubella Vaccine (MMR)

42
Q

Name the vaccine:

  • Live attenuated
  • Protect against virus-induced acute diarrheal disease in infants
  • 2-3 dose series: 2, 4, and somtimes 6 mos
  • Small risk of intussusception
A

Rotavirus vaccine

PCM II Final (10 decks)

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