Approach To Pediatric Immunizations Flashcards
Vaccine
A product that stimulates a persons immune system to produce immunity to specific disease
-initiates the immunization process
Vaccination
The process of getting a vaccine into the body
-needle or nose
Immunity
When a person is protected from getting a disease (by humoral or cellular) by virtue of receiving vaccine or previously having disease
Immunization
Process by which a person is made immune to disease through vaccine or having disease
Individual Immunity
Provides long term, sometimes lifelong protection against disease
-vaccines developed for diseases that can kill or impair
Herd Immunity
The concept that protection if provided to everyone in a community with high vaccination rates
-people who cannot receive vaccine still protected due to vaccinated people around them
When community vaccination rates drops below threshold of herd immunity.. what happens?
Widespread disease outbreaks can occur
Who receives the most concentrated series of vaccines?
First two years of life
-critical due to being most vulnerable
Active Immunization
Ag administered to induce formation of Abs and cell mediated immunity
-uses inactivated or killed materials
Requires more time!
What is the most desirable form of immunization?
Active
- complete prevention of disease
- prevents carrier state of diseases
- prolong immunity
- absence of toxicity
Passive Immunization
Transfer of immunity to a host using preformed immunological products
-Immunoglobulins or products of cellular immune system
Animal or Human Immunoglobulins
-FAST but only lasts short time (~23 days)
When is passive immunization useful?
Useful for:
- if individuals unable to form Abs
- prevention of disease post-exposure
- treatment of diseases usually prevented by immunization
Vaccines with Sub-Unit Antigens
Include “parts” that best stimulate immune responses
Conjugated vaccines
Pathogens surrounded by polysaccharide capsule and are immunogenic
-when conjugated to carrier proteins, the immune response is strengthened
—drive T cell response
Live Attenuated Vaccines
Stronger mucosal immunity
-version of microbe that is weakened
When do you not want to give a live attenuated vaccine?
If immunocompromised and do not give if they have received blood products in past (up to 11 months)
Inactivated/Killed Vaccine
Organism is killed, but immunogenicity is retained
Inactive Toxins (toxoids)
When disease is caused by toxin produced by bacteria, not bacteria itself
-toxin can be inactivated, but bacteria remains immunogenic
Examples of Conjugate Vaccines
Meningococcal Pneumococcal Haemophilus Influenza B HepB Influenza HPV
Examples of Inactivated/Killed Vaccines
HepA
Polio
Rabies
Examples of Live, attenuated vaccines
MMR Varicella Rotavirus Influenza (nasal spray) Zoster
Toxoid Vaccines
Tetanus
Diphtheria
Define endemic
A disease occurring at a predictable and consistent rate in the population
