Approach to ENT Complaint Flashcards
What sinuses do you check in pediatric patients and why?
Mostly maxillary sinuses; the frontal sinuses do not develop until 8-10 years of age
what is cobblestone throat indicate of?
post nasal drip or throat infection
What suggests otitis media?
bulging TM with varying degree of erythema
What techniques are used for hearing tests?
finger rub test or whisper test
When you are checking the lymph nodes, what are you checking?
texture, size, tenderness, and mobility
When preforming an HEENT exam, what lymph nodes should you check?
preauricular, posterior auricular, tonsillar, occipital, superficial cervical, posterior cervical, supraclavicular, submental, submandibular, and the deep cervical chain
what is allergic rhinitis?
inflammation in the nose caused by an allergen characterized by sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal obstruction
where does an anterior epistaxis occur?
usually affects the watershed area of the nasal septum (Kiesselbach’s plexus)
where does a posterior epistaxis occur?
affects the posterolateral branches of the sphenopalatine artery
what virus could cause infectious mononucleosis?
Epstein Barr Virus
what is the triad associated with infectious mononucleosis?
fever, tonsillar pharyngitis (sore throat), and lymphadenopathy
What is the medical term for inflamed mucus membranes?
Coryza
what causes strep throat?
Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS)
when is there the highest likelihood of GABHS?
children 5-15, winter/spring, absence of cough, tender anterior cervical lymphadenopathy, tonsillar exudate, and fever
what is an inner ear infection called?
labyrinthitis
what is acute suppurative OM?
acute OM with purulent material in the middle ear
What is OM with effusion?
inflammation and fluid buildup in the middle ear without bacterial or viral infection
when might an OM with effusion occur?
the fluid buildup persists after an ear infection has resolved
what is chronic suppurative otitis media?
persistent ear infection that often results in tearing or perforation of the eardrum
what is another name for otitis media with effusion?
Serous otitis media
what causes otitis externa?
bacteria entering a small break in skin of canal
what is otosclerosis associated with?
progressive hearing loss beginning at ages 10-30, marked hearing loss during middle age
what are the two types of hearing loss associated with otosclerosis?
conductive hearing loss and sensory hearing loss
what is conductive hearing loss associated with otosclerosis caused by?
ossicle sclerosis into a single immovable mass
what is sensory loss associated with otosclerosis caused by?
Otic capsule sclerosis
what is a normal Weber test?
midline and hear equally
what indicates conductive hearing loss when preforming the Weber test?
when it lateralizes to the affected side
what indicates sensorineural hearing loss when preforming the Weber test?
when it lateralizes to the side opposite of the affected ear
what is a normal Rinne Test?
when air conduction is greater than bone conduction
what indicates conductive hearing loss when preforming the Rinne Test?
when bone conduction is greater than air conduction
What are some causes of conductive hearing loss?
cerumen impaction, middle ear fluid, lack of movement of the ossicles, trauma, or tumors
what are some causes of sensorineural hearing loss?
hereditary, Meniere disease, MS, trauma, ototoxic drugs, barotrauma
what happens in cases of rhinosinusitis/ sinusitis?
the mucosal lining in the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity becomes inflamed
what are some signs and symptoms of rhinosinusitis/ sinusitis?
nasal discharge, cough, sneezing, nasal congestion, fever, headache, pain, and facial pressure
when might you be suspicious of bacterial sinusitis?
if there is a double sickening (initially gets better but then gets worse), purulent rhinorrhea, elevated ESR
When is acute bacterial rhinosinusitis indicated?
when signs and symptoms of acute rhinosinusitis persist without evidence of improvement for at least 10 days beyond the onset of symptoms
what is the medical term for Croup?
Laryngotracheitis
what is croup/ laryngotracheitis?
swelling of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi causing inspiratory stridor and barking cough in children 6 months to 3 years old
what causes croup?
parainfluenza virus, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
what causes epiglottitis?
Haemophilus type B influenza, GABHS
what does the history of a patient with epiglottitis look like?
rapid onset of symptoms, sore throat, muffled voice, drooling
what are the causes of Vertigo?
Eustachian tube dysfunction, BPPV, vestibular neuritis (inflammation of the nerve), labyrinthitis, Meniere’s disease
What are the techniques used to diagnose BPPV?
Dix-Hallpike Maneuver and Epley Maneuver
