Appraising Pronostic Research

Question 1

Which research design is MOST COMMONLY associated with prognostic studies?

Answer 1

Observational studies

Question 2

In cohort studies, Subjects who are likely to develop a certain condition or outcome, are recruited _____ the condition has occurred. For what?

Answer 2

Before,

To see if they develop the condition

Question 3

How are groups in cohort studies separated?

Answer 3

Based on exposure

Question 4

Prospective cohort study

Answer 4

Gather cohort> Determine exposure status> Followup to determine outcome.

Question 5

Retrospective Cohort

Answer 5

Identify Cohort> Determine exposure status> Determine outcome

Question 6

Which study is conducted after an outcome has occurred?

Answer 6

Case-Control Study

Question 7

When subjects are studied over time, it is considered

Answer 7

Longitudinal

Question 8

When subject data collected at one point in time?

Answer 8

Cross-sectional

Question 9

Factors other than exposure that could account for the results in a study are

Answer 9

Cofounders

Question 10

The greater the number of factors in a study, ______

Answer 10

The greater the sample must be

Question 11

Prognostic studies are of _____ not ______

Answer 11

Association

Causality

Question 12

What are the most appropriate statistics for analysis of Prognostic Studies?>

Answer 12

Association statistics

Question 13

Most prognostic studies are

Answer 13

Multi-factorial

Question 14

A measure of the extent to which two variables are associated, a measure of how these variables change together

Answer 14

Correlation Statistics

Question 15

mathematical statement regarding the extent of the association between the two variables (-1 to 1)

Answer 15

Correlation coefficient r

Question 16

What happens with negative correlations?

Answer 16

As one variable increases, the other decreases

Question 17

What happens with Positive correlation?

Answer 17

As one variable increases, so does the other

Question 18

An “r” of 0 means

Answer 18

There is no correlation

Question 19

0-.25
.26-.49
.5-.69
.7-.89
.9-1

Strengths

Answer 19

Little to none
Low
Moderate
High 
Very high

Question 20

expresses the percentage of variance that is shared by the two variables

Answer 20

Coefficient of determination r^2

Question 21

R^2 of 0 means

Of 1 means

Answer 21

Y cannot be predicted from X

Y can be predicted from X w/o error

Question 22

used to make prediction from 1+ variables to a variable of interest

Answer 22

Regression analysis

Question 23

the process of determining a regression equation to predict Y values based on a linear relationship with X values

Answer 23

Simple linear regression

Question 24

Y=a+bX

Answer 24

Y= outcome
A=y intercept
B+slope

Question 25

Is r a predictor of accuracy of prediction from regression line?

Answer 25

NAWW

Question 26

statistical technique to establish the predictive relationship between one DV (Y) and multiple IV (X), DV is continuous

Answer 26

Multiple Regression

Question 27

multiple regression procedure with dichotomous DV; predicts odds associated with presence or absence DV (Y) based on IVs (X)

Answer 27

Logistic Regression

Question 28

What can only be used in cohort studies?

Answer 28

Risk ratios

Question 29

Risk ratio of 1 indicates

Answer 29

Unchanged risk compared to control

Question 30

Risk ratio of >1 means

Answer 30

Increased risk

Question 31

Risk ratio of <1 is

Answer 31

Decreased risk

Question 32

Odds of an event occurring in one group relative to the odds that it will occur in another group

Answer 32

Odds ratio

Question 33

Odds ratio can be used in which studies?

Answer 33

BOTH cohort and case-control