Apportionment and voting Flashcards
dividing up a fixed number of things among groups of different sizes
Apportionment
method for a group, meeting, or an electorate to make a collective decision or express an opinion, usually following discussions, debates, or election campaigns
Voting
Methods of apportionment
Hamilton plan
Jefferson Plan
Huntington-Hill apportionment principle
the total population is divided by the standard divisor or representatives of a certain number of citizens
The Hamilton Plan
is the total population/ people to apportion
Standard Divisor (SD)
the sub-group population/ standard divisor
Standard Quota (SQ)
Uses a modified standard divisor (MD) that yields the correct number of representatives by trial and error so that the sum of SQs is equal to the number of representatives
MD is always less than the standard divisor.
The Jefferson Plan
when there is a choice of adding one representative to a number of sub-groups, it should be added to the sub-group with highest __________ number
The Huntington-Hill Apportionment Principle
Theory of the mathematics of voting
First half is voting; second half is counting
process of voting where the voter ranks the choices in order of preference
uses preference table to show results
Preference Ballot
what does prefernce ballotuse to show results
Preference table
Methods of voting
plurality
borda count
plurality elimination
pairwise comparison
candidate with the most first place votes is the winner, does not need to have the majority of votes
Plurality Method
ranks all the candidates, and each candidate receives n points for each vote depending on its corresponding rank.
Borda Count Method
a.k.a IRV or instant runoff method
the candidate that receives the majority of votes is the winner
if no candidate has the majority then the one with fewest vote is eliminated and another election is held, this goes on until someone gets the majority
Plurality Elimination Method
a.k.a head to head method
each candidate is one-on-one with other candidate, the winner receives 1 point, 0.5 point for tie and zero for a loss
the candidate with the most points wins
Pairwise Comparison Voting Method
by Kenneth Arrow in 1951,
“it is impossible to create any system of voting (w. 3 or more candidates) that satisfy all the four fairness criteria
Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem
Voting criterion
majority
Condorcet
monotonicity
independence of irrelevant alternative 11a
some voters have more weight on the outcome of the election
wighted votng system
number of votes required to pass measure
quota (q)
number of the weight
weigh of a votar
voting systems
One person, one vote
Dictatorship
Null system
Veto power system
set of voters who vote the same way, either for or against a resolution
Coalition
their votes are = or > than q
Winning Coalition
their votes are < q
Losing Coalition
voter whose departure from the winning coalition makes it a losing coalition
siya desisyon bhie
Critical Voter
voter who has a weight that is greater than or equal the q
desisyon din siya
Dictator
voter who has no power and never a critical vote
Dummy
