Applied psy Week 4

Question 1

22. DSMIV-what’s major depression

Answer 1

During two weeks:
Sadness 
Loss of pleasure in regular activities
Change in appetite
Fatigue 
Feeling guilt 
Decrease of ability to concentrate

Question 2

Functions of neurotransmitters

Answer 2

Chemical messengers

Transmit signals across a chemical synapse to a neuron.

Question 3

24. What is MAOI and TCA and their functions?

Answer 3

Both are antidepressant.
MAOI-Blocks the destruction of neurotransmitters
TCA-Blocks the reuptake of multiple neurotransmitters incl. seratonin, norepinephrine and dopamine.

Question 4

30. Basics of behavioural activation

Answer 4

Look at the triggers and response from the client when depressed. Then target the avoidance pattern to work towards a guided activity to increase the probability of clients contacting positive reinforcement in their environment.

Question 5

31. 4 elements to BA therapy

Answer 5

1. Discussing relationship among mood, activity, and environment with client.
2. Importance of finding which activities that will be positively reinforcing and will help disrupt the spiral of depression.
3. Work to convey a sense of optimism for clients when presenting the treatment rationale.
4. Explain the role of the therapist.

Question 6

32. TRAP and TRAC

Answer 6

A way of thinking.
Trap-trigger response avoidance pattern (when a person thinking in avoidance pattern)
Trac-trigger response alternative coping (when a person cope with what they have to go on and find an alternative solution)

Question 7

38. 3 stage model CBT(cognitive behavior therapy)

Answer 7

Recognition of automatic thoughts
Challenge thoughts
Role play/imagery

Question 8

3. Define the biological perspective of psychology

Answer 8

Functioning of the genes, brain, nervous system. and endocrine system.

Question 9

5. Define the cognitive perspective of psychology

Answer 9

Thoughts, anticipation, planning, perception and memory processes.

Question 10

6.Define the socio-cultural perspective of psychology

Answer 10

social environment and cultural norms and values.

Question 11

7. Define the behaviourist perspective of psychology

Answer 11

Pavlov: past learning and stimuli and behavioral consequences that consist in current environment.

Question 12

8.Define the evolutionary perspective of psychology

Answer 12

The brain (and therefore the mind) evolved to solve
problems encountered by our ancestors during the upper Pleistocene period. 
Observed behavior is likely to have developed because it is adaptive. It has been naturally selected, i.e., individuals who are best adapted survive and reproduce.

Question 13

9.Describe and explain Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment

Answer 13

How kids perceive role models, if the role models are showing aggressive behavior it’s more likely that the kid will behave like it’s okay and normal and act aggressive aswell.

Question 14

19.Define self-control. Why is it useful to have high self-control?

Answer 14

healthy people

Question 15

12. Describe and explain higher order conditioning

Answer 15

Higher Order Conditioning (also known as Second Order Conditioning) is a classical conditioning term that refers to a situation in which a stimulus that was previously neutral (e.g., a light) is paired with a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a tone that has been conditioning with food to produce salivating) to produce the same conditioned response as the conditioned stimulus

Question 16

13. Define operant conditioning

Answer 16

a type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences

Question 17

14.Define negative reinforcement

Answer 17

Before: Wet hands-Dry the hands-After:Water gone from hands.

When an annoying/bad stimuli goes away. -positive

Question 18

15.Define positive reinforcement

Answer 18

Reward for being good. Getting something for a good behavior. -positive

Question 19

17.Define negative punishment.

Answer 19

After undesired behavior something enjoyable is taken away. A child fights with her brother (behavior) and has her favorite toy taken away (reinforcing stimulus removed).-negative

Question 20

16. Define positive punishment.

Answer 20

Making a behavior less likely to happen in the future. A child picks his nose during class (behavior) and the teacher reprimands him (aversive stimulus) in front of his classmates.-negative

Question 21

4. Describe and explain the functions of the neurotransmitters on slide 10.

Answer 21

Dopamine, seratonin, glutamate, GABA, norepinephrine, acetylcholine

Question 22

Describe and explain the role of the different brain functions in schizophrenia on slide 11

Answer 22

basal ganglia-movement irregular, auditory system-hearing hallucinations, occipital lobe-vision hallucinations, hippocampus-memory impaired, limbic system-emotions in disturbance, frontal lobe-problem solving, difficulty in planning and organizing thoughts.

Question 23

25. According to Wrobal (2007) what are the disadvantages of MAOIs and TCAs? Why do such disadvantages occur?

Answer 23

MAOI can give headaches and high blood pressure.

TCA can block some of the acetylcholine, and give side effects like dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention.

Question 24

27. Describe the advantages/disadvantages of SSRI’s according to Wrobal (2007) (section: While many cheered, others worried)

Answer 24

Possible Side Effects. Nausea, insomnia, headaches, sexual difficulties, initial agitation.

Question 25

Describe and explain the fundamentals of behavioural activation (section: The Basics of Behavioral Activation). Give examples to support your answer.

Answer 25

Looking at the past and the response of the past actions. BA takes the actions and reinforce them into good ones, and try to cope with already existing behavior.

Question 26

33. What are the primary obstacles to BA therapy?

Answer 26

passive patients which can lead to a hard time getting them to start with the BA.

Question 27

28. What do Jacobson and colleagues (2001) say are the reasons for adopting a functional/ behavioral account of depression? (section: Behavioral Activation and the Demedicalization of Depression)

Answer 27

They believe that a functional model looks outside of a person to understand the relationship between behavior and environment. We should focus more on finding methods to see the relationship between genetics, behavior and environment.

Question 28

34. According to Jacobsen et al (2001) how does contemporary BA therapy differ from
    established cognitive and behavioral treatments (section: So what’s new?).

Answer 28

BA focuses on the client’s environment and pushes the client to engage in activities that will bring them to their natural reinforcers in life.

Question 29

23. In Wrobal (2007) explain how neurotransmitters exert their influence (section: The chemical Flux: A Neurotransmitter Primer)

Answer 29

Neurotransmitters are produced in the nerves, when the neurotransmitter gets a signal it is released from the nerve and proceeding to the synapse. In the synapse, it binds to receptors, which transfer the signal to the bodily responses.

Question 30

40. Describe the interventions which are available at each level analysis to treat major depression slide 30.

Answer 30

Biological
-Serotonin (SSRI-Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors …Prozac) blocking the reuptake of serotonin
Behavioral/environmental
-Behavioral activation (Find the natural reinforcers)(Trap-Trac instead)
Self-monitoring.
Social skills training.
Goal setting.
Coping cards.
Cognitive/psychological
-If suffering from diathesis-stress-model; Change the thoughts
Recognition of automatic thoughts

Question 31

36. Describe and explain the Hopelessness theory of depression (Abraham et al., 1988)

Answer 31

• internal (it’s something about me rather than something about the situation)
• stable (it will last forever rather than be temporary)
• global (it will affect all areas of my life rather than just this one area)