Applied psy Week 4 Flashcards
- DSMIV-what’s major depression
During two weeks: Sadness Loss of pleasure in regular activities Change in appetite Fatigue Feeling guilt Decrease of ability to concentrate
Functions of neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers
Transmit signals across a chemical synapse to a neuron.
- What is MAOI and TCA and their functions?
Both are antidepressant.
MAOI-Blocks the destruction of neurotransmitters
TCA-Blocks the reuptake of multiple neurotransmitters incl. seratonin, norepinephrine and dopamine.
- Basics of behavioural activation
Look at the triggers and response from the client when depressed. Then target the avoidance pattern to work towards a guided activity to increase the probability of clients contacting positive reinforcement in their environment.
- 4 elements to BA therapy
- Discussing relationship among mood, activity, and environment with client.
- Importance of finding which activities that will be positively reinforcing and will help disrupt the spiral of depression.
- Work to convey a sense of optimism for clients when presenting the treatment rationale.
- Explain the role of the therapist.
- TRAP and TRAC
A way of thinking.
Trap-trigger response avoidance pattern (when a person thinking in avoidance pattern)
Trac-trigger response alternative coping (when a person cope with what they have to go on and find an alternative solution)
- 3 stage model CBT(cognitive behavior therapy)
Recognition of automatic thoughts
Challenge thoughts
Role play/imagery
- Define the biological perspective of psychology
Functioning of the genes, brain, nervous system. and endocrine system.
- Define the cognitive perspective of psychology
Thoughts, anticipation, planning, perception and memory processes.
6.Define the socio-cultural perspective of psychology
social environment and cultural norms and values.
- Define the behaviourist perspective of psychology
Pavlov: past learning and stimuli and behavioral consequences that consist in current environment.
8.Define the evolutionary perspective of psychology
The brain (and therefore the mind) evolved to solve problems encountered by our ancestors during the upper Pleistocene period. Observed behavior is likely to have developed because it is adaptive. It has been naturally selected, i.e., individuals who are best adapted survive and reproduce.
9.Describe and explain Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment
How kids perceive role models, if the role models are showing aggressive behavior it’s more likely that the kid will behave like it’s okay and normal and act aggressive aswell.
19.Define self-control. Why is it useful to have high self-control?
healthy people
- Describe and explain higher order conditioning
Higher Order Conditioning (also known as Second Order Conditioning) is a classical conditioning term that refers to a situation in which a stimulus that was previously neutral (e.g., a light) is paired with a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a tone that has been conditioning with food to produce salivating) to produce the same conditioned response as the conditioned stimulus
- Define operant conditioning
a type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences
14.Define negative reinforcement
Before: Wet hands-Dry the hands-After:Water gone from hands.
When an annoying/bad stimuli goes away. -positive
15.Define positive reinforcement
Reward for being good. Getting something for a good behavior. -positive
17.Define negative punishment.
After undesired behavior something enjoyable is taken away. A child fights with her brother (behavior) and has her favorite toy taken away (reinforcing stimulus removed).-negative
- Define positive punishment.
Making a behavior less likely to happen in the future. A child picks his nose during class (behavior) and the teacher reprimands him (aversive stimulus) in front of his classmates.-negative
- Describe and explain the functions of the neurotransmitters on slide 10.
Dopamine, seratonin, glutamate, GABA, norepinephrine, acetylcholine
Describe and explain the role of the different brain functions in schizophrenia on slide 11
basal ganglia-movement irregular, auditory system-hearing hallucinations, occipital lobe-vision hallucinations, hippocampus-memory impaired, limbic system-emotions in disturbance, frontal lobe-problem solving, difficulty in planning and organizing thoughts.
- According to Wrobal (2007) what are the disadvantages of MAOIs and TCAs? Why do such disadvantages occur?
MAOI can give headaches and high blood pressure.
TCA can block some of the acetylcholine, and give side effects like dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention.
- Describe the advantages/disadvantages of SSRI’s according to Wrobal (2007) (section: While many cheered, others worried)
Possible Side Effects. Nausea, insomnia, headaches, sexual difficulties, initial agitation.
Describe and explain the fundamentals of behavioural activation (section: The Basics of Behavioral Activation). Give examples to support your answer.
Looking at the past and the response of the past actions. BA takes the actions and reinforce them into good ones, and try to cope with already existing behavior.
- What are the primary obstacles to BA therapy?
passive patients which can lead to a hard time getting them to start with the BA.
- What do Jacobson and colleagues (2001) say are the reasons for adopting a functional/ behavioral account of depression? (section: Behavioral Activation and the Demedicalization of Depression)
They believe that a functional model looks outside of a person to understand the relationship between behavior and environment. We should focus more on finding methods to see the relationship between genetics, behavior and environment.
- According to Jacobsen et al (2001) how does contemporary BA therapy differ from
established cognitive and behavioral treatments (section: So what’s new?).
BA focuses on the client’s environment and pushes the client to engage in activities that will bring them to their natural reinforcers in life.
- In Wrobal (2007) explain how neurotransmitters exert their influence (section: The chemical Flux: A Neurotransmitter Primer)
Neurotransmitters are produced in the nerves, when the neurotransmitter gets a signal it is released from the nerve and proceeding to the synapse. In the synapse, it binds to receptors, which transfer the signal to the bodily responses.
- Describe the interventions which are available at each level analysis to treat major depression slide 30.
Biological
-Serotonin (SSRI-Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors …Prozac) blocking the reuptake of serotonin
Behavioral/environmental
-Behavioral activation (Find the natural reinforcers)(Trap-Trac instead)
Self-monitoring.
Social skills training.
Goal setting.
Coping cards.
Cognitive/psychological
-If suffering from diathesis-stress-model; Change the thoughts
Recognition of automatic thoughts
- Describe and explain the Hopelessness theory of depression (Abraham et al., 1988)
- internal (it’s something about me rather than something about the situation)
- stable (it will last forever rather than be temporary)
- global (it will affect all areas of my life rather than just this one area)
