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Fundamentals for success in business > Applied Probability and Statistics – C955 > Flashcards

Applied Probability and Statistics – C955 Flashcards

1
Q

continuous

A

A collection of numbers whose values are not dividable into distinct units.

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2
Q

subtraction

A

Taking one or more values away from another.

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3
Q

associative property

A

The associative property holds that under certain operations in a multi-step expression, the computations may be done in any order. Commonly represented as (a + b) + c = a + (b + c). Addition and multiplication are associative.

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4
Q

composite number

A

A number with more factors than just one and itself.

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5
Q

principal square root

A

The positive square root of a number. For example, the principal square root of 36 is 6.

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6
Q

negative number

A

A number whose value is less than zero. On the number line, negative numbers are to the left of zero.

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7
Q

multi-step expression

A

An expression or equation with more than two values and two or more operators that requires multiple steps to be solved.

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8
Q

prime number

A

A number with only two factors: one and itself

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9
Q

multiplication

A

In mathematics, multiplication is the act of adding the same number multiple times. Multiplication is often denoted by the dot sign,

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10
Q

operation

A

In mathematics, an operation is a procedure which generates a new value from one or more operands, or mathematical values.

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11
Q

product

A

The result of multiplying values.

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12
Q

division

A

Splitting values into equal parts or groups

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13
Q

multiplicative inverse

A

The multiplicative inverse of a number x is the number you must multiply x by to get 1. For example, 5 and 1/5 are multiplicative inverses.

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14
Q

exponents

A

Sometimes called a power, it is a quantity that represents repeated multiplication

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15
Q

numbers

A

A word or symbol (such as ‘five’ or ‘16’) that represents a specific amount or quantity.

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16
Q

expressions

A

A string of terms that are connected by division, addition, and subtraction operations.

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17
Q

radicand

A

The number within the radical sign whose square root is to be taken.

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18
Q

data

A

A set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables; pieces of data are individual pieces of information.

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19
Q

base number

A

The number multiplied by itself when paired with an exponent. For example, in 8 to the third power, 8 would be the base number.

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20
Q

operators

A

A word or symbol (such as + or -) that indicates an operation between values.

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21
Q

whole number

A

A number whose value is 0 or greater (negative numbers are not considered whole numbers) and can be represented without a fractional or a decimal component.

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22
Q

addition

A

Finding the total of two or more values.

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23
Q

factor tree

A

A graphical method used to identify the prime factorization of an integer.

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24
Q

estimation

A

Approximating a value for a calculation

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25
Q

identity property

A

The property that 0 can be added to any number without changing the value of the number. Likewise, 1 can be multiplied by any number without changing the value of that number.

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26
Q

set

A

In mathematics: a collection of numbers.

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27
Q

radical sign

A

The symbol which indicates to take the square root of the number that follows.

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28
Q

Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic

A

A concept which states that any integer greater than 1 is either prime or is the product of a unique set of prime numbers.

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29
Q

quotient

A

The result of a division expression.

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30
Q

parentheses

A

In mathematics, parentheses () are used to separate operations within an expression. Any operations that lie within parentheses should be performed first.

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31
Q

negative square root

A

The negative square root of a perfect square. For example, -6 is the negative square root of 36.

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32
Q

superscript

A

A symbol (such as a number or letter) written above and immediately to the left or right of another character.

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33
Q

interval

A

A set of numbers between two specified values

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34
Q

commutative

A

The property that the order of the numbers under the operation does not change the result. Addition and multiplication are commutative: a + b = b + a and ab = ba.

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35
Q

greatest common factor (GCF)

A

The greatest common factor of any two integers a and b is the greatest number that is both a factor of a and a factor of b

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36
Q

rational number

A

A rational number is a number that can be written as a ratio of integers, which means it can be written as a fraction.

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37
Q

integer

A

A number, (positive, negative, or zero), that can be represented without a fractional or a decimal component.

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38
Q

additive inverse

A

Two numbers equidistant from 0 on a number line whose sum is 0. For example, 3 and -3 are additive inverses

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39
Q

real number

A

Any numbers on the number line. Real numbers include zero, negative and positive integers, fractions, and decimals.

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40
Q

sum

A

The result of multiple numbers being added together.

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41
Q

order of operations

A

A set of rules that defines the order in which mathematical operations should be performed

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42
Q

perfect square

A

The product of any integer with itself yields a perfect square. So, a number is a perfect square if it can be written as the square of an integer. For example, 9 is a perfect square because 3 * 3 = 9.

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43
Q

factor

A

An integer that divides another integer. We say an integer, x, is a factor of another integer, y, if the quotient y/x is also equal to an integer.

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44
Q

difference

A

The result of one number being subtracted from another number.

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45
Q

discrete

A

A collection of numbers whose values are distinct, separate, and unconnected

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46
Q

square root

A

A number that produces a specified number when it is multiplied by itself.

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47
Q

prime factorization

A

Determining the set of prime numbers whose product is the original integer.

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48
Q

positive number

A

A number whose value is greater than zero. On the number line, positive numbers are to the right of zero.

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49
Q

factorization

A

The process of determining the prime factors of a composite number.

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50
Q

percent proportion

A

Proportion that is equivalent to the given ratio but has a denominator of 100. So the Percent Proportion of 3/5 is 60/100.

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51
Q

numerator

A

The number that is written before the slash, or above the fraction bar, in a fraction.

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52
Q

proportion

A

A true statement in which two ratios are equal to each other.

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53
Q

unit cancellation

A

The act of a unit being crossed out when the unit is in a numerator, and the same unit is in the denominator of a fraction or a product of fractions.

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54
Q

conditional proportion

A

A proportion where one part of a proportion is a variable, or unknown quantity.

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55
Q

ratio

A

Measures one quantity in relation to another quantity.

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56
Q

cross products

A

The results produced from cross multiplication.

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57
Q

denominator

A

The number written after the slash, or below the fraction bar, in a fraction.

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58
Q

reciprocal

A

A reciprocal of a number is that number which, when multiplied by the original number, equals 1. It is the same as the multiplicative inverse.

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59
Q

least common multiple (LCM)

A

The smallest number in value that is a multiple of two or more numbers.

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60
Q

unit multiplier

A

A fraction that contains two equivalent quantities but in two different units, used in order to convert units.

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61
Q

multiple

A

A multiple of an integer is that integer multiplied by another integer. For example, 28 is a multiple of 7 because 28 = 7*4.

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62
Q

repeating decimal

A

A decimal number that has either a digit, or sequence of digits, that repeat forever. A bar is written over the top of the part of the decimal that repeats.

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63
Q

rounding

A

A method of estimating in order to make working with a number easier.

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64
Q

fractions

A

The representation of a number as a division of one integer by another through the use of a slash or division bar

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65
Q

butterfly method

A

Cross-multiplication method used to determine whether two fractions are equal. The numerator of one fraction is multiplied by the denominator of the opposite fraction on both sides.

66
Q

rate

A

A ratio that compares two quantities having different units of measure.

67
Q

percent sign

A

A symbol used to denote percentages.

68
Q

equivalent fractions

A

Different fractions that represent the same value.

69
Q

place value

A

Describes what part of the whole the decimal represents.

70
Q

terminal decimal

A

A decimal number that has a finite number of digits.

71
Q

cross multiplying

A

A method used to prove that a proportion is true

72
Q

improper fraction

A

A fraction where the the number in the numerator is more than the number in the denominator.

73
Q

trailing zeros

A

Sequence of zeros after the last non-zero digit in a decimal number.

74
Q

unit conversion

A

A method used to change between measurement systems.

75
Q

proper fraction

A

A fraction where the number in the numerator is less than the number in the denominator.

76
Q

percentages

A

Like fractions, they denote something that is not necessarily whole, but rather could be a part of a whole number. 100% represents the number one.

77
Q

exponent

A

Sometimes called a power, it is a quantity that represents repeated multiplication.

78
Q

degree

A

The largest exponent in an expression.

79
Q

addition principle of equality

A

The fact that we can add the same number to both sides of an equation, and the result will be an equivalent equation.

80
Q

elementary operation

A

Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

81
Q

vertical line

A

A line that runs up and down on the coordinate plane, parallel to the y-axis. It has no ‘run’ or change in x-value.

82
Q

algebraic equation

A

Any equation that contains variables, constants, or mathematical operations.

83
Q

x-axis

A

The horizontal line that passes through the origin on a coordinate plane.

84
Q

quadratic

A

An expression or equation of degree 2.

85
Q

slope-intercept form

A

A common format that a linear equation can take that is helpful for graphing purposes. It is of the form y = mx + b, where m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept.

86
Q

arithmetic expression

A

A string of numbers connected by elementary operations.

87
Q

constant

A

A value that is known and unchanging.

88
Q

division principle of equality

A

If both sides of an equation are divided by the same number, the result is an equivalent equation.

89
Q

the principle of equality

A

If you perform equivalent operations to both side of an equation, the result will always be an equivalent equation.

90
Q

ordered pairs

A

Two numbers written in the form (x, y), where x represent the x-value or x-coordinate, and y represents the y-value or y-coordinate.

91
Q

cubic

A

An expression or equation of degree 3.

92
Q

variable

A

A symbol that represents a mathematical value.

93
Q

term

A

An individual number, a variable, or numbers and variables multiplied together. They are separated by addition, +, or subtraction, -, in an expression.

94
Q

combining like terms

A

Combining terms that have the same variable component. Combining like terms helps to consolidate when solving an equation.

95
Q

equation

A

Two mathematical expressions separated by the equals sign, =. The two expressions on either side of the equals sign hold the same value as one another.

96
Q

multiplication principle of equality

A

If both sides of an equation are multiplied by the same number, the result is an equivalent equation.

97
Q

y-intercept

A

The y-value of the point at which a line intersects with the y-axis.

98
Q

subtraction principle of equality

A

The fact that we can subtract the same number to both sides of an equation, and the result will be an equivalent equation

99
Q

distributive property

A

A mathematical principle used to multiply one term by multiple terms. This principle is employed when there are parentheses around multiple terms, which are in turn multiplied by a single term.

100
Q

coefficients

A

A number by which a variable is multiplied. This number is written in front of the variable(s).

101
Q

linear

A

An expression or equation of degree 1.

102
Q

y-axis

A

The vertical line that passes through the origin on a coordinate plane.

103
Q

unlike terms

A

Terms that do not have the same variable(s) with the same exponent(s). These terms can not be combined using addition or subtraction.

104
Q

value

A

A number or numerical worth.

105
Q

horizontal line

A

A line that runs left to right on the coordinate plane, parallel to the x-axis. It has no ‘rise’ or change in y-value.

106
Q

Order of Operations

A

A set of rules that defines the order in which mathematical operations should be performed.

107
Q

operation

A

A procedure which generates a new value from one or more operands, or mathematical values.

108
Q

quadrants

A

The four sections of the coordinate plane, separated and defined by the x-axis and y-axis.

109
Q

The Butterfly Method

A

Cross-multiplication method. The numerator of one fraction is multiplied by the denominator of the opposite fraction on both sides.

110
Q

like terms

A

Terms that have the same variable(s) with the same exponent(s). These terms can be ‘combined’ using addition or subtraction.

111
Q

inverse operations

A

Two operations that undo one another.

112
Q

slope

A

The value that describes the direction and steepness of a line drawn on the coordinate plane. It is measured by ‘rise over run.’ Rise/Run = (the change in y value) / (the change in x value) = (y2 - y1)/(x2 -x1)

113
Q

origin

A

The point (0,0) on a coordinate plane, which is where the x-axis and y-axis intersect.

114
Q

algebraic expression

A

A string of terms that are connected by division, addition, and subtraction operations.

115
Q

the substitution method

A

When a variable is substituted by its known value in an algebraic expression or equation.

116
Q

data

A

A set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables; pieces of data are individual pieces of information.

117
Q

standard deviation

A

The measure on average of how far the data points are from the mean.

118
Q

center

A

One of three measures that describe what is “normal” in a data set: mean, median, or mode.

119
Q

the Standard Deviation Rule

A

A standard proportion or percentage of data points that lie within each standard deviation away from the mean for a normal distribution.

120
Q

measure of central tendency

A

A summary measure that is used to describe an entire set of data with one value that represents the middle or center of the data set’s distribution. There are three main measures: mean, median, or mode.

121
Q

normal distribution

A

A common type of distribution of data points that forms a bell shaped, symmetrical curve around the mean

122
Q

maximum

A

The largest value in a set.

123
Q

qualitative data

A

Non-numeric information based on some quality or characteristic.

124
Q

reliable data

A

Data is both consistent and repeatable.

125
Q

histogram

A

A graph that displays data through vertical bars that show the counts or numbers in each range.

126
Q

graphical displays

A

Visual displays of data sets.

127
Q

stem plot

A

A visual representation of data in which individual data points are plotted to the right of a vertical line, or chart, and the left (the “stem”) shows the interval categories.

128
Q

outlier

A

An observation point that is significantly distant from the other observations in the dataset.

129
Q

numerical summary

A

A number used to describe a specific characteristic about a data set.

130
Q

quartile

A

Values that divide a data set into four equally sized groups.

131
Q

multimodal

A

A description of a data set that has more than two modes.

132
Q

minimum

A

The smallest value in a set.

133
Q

skewed left

A

A skewed distribution where the long tail of the curve is on the negative side of the peak.

134
Q

valid data

A

Data that results from a test that accurately measures what it was intended to measure.

135
Q

measures of spread

A

A number of measures used to determine the distance of data from the center of the data set, such as range and standard deviation.

136
Q

dot plot

A

A graphical representation of data that plots the frequency of data along a horizontal line.

137
Q

distribution

A

An arrangement of values that illustrates their frequency or occurrence.

138
Q

data set

A

Any collection of numerical values, such as measurements, observations, or survey responses.

139
Q

skewed right

A

A skewed distribution where the long tail of the curve is on the positive side of the peak.

140
Q

statistics

A

The science that deals with the interpretation of numerical facts or data through theories of probability. Also, the numerical facts or data themselves.

141
Q

mean

A

Average, calculated by adding a series of elements in a data set together and dividing by the total number in the series

142
Q

unimodal

A

A set of data having one mode.

143
Q

bimodal

A

A description of a data set with two modes

144
Q

categorical data

A

This type of data, also called qualitative data, consists of data values that can be sorted into groups or categories.

145
Q

skewness

A

A measure of the degree to which a probability distribution “leans” toward one side of the average, where the median and mean are not the same.

146
Q

five-number summary

A

The minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum. A box plot represents the five numbers in a five-number summary.

147
Q

shape

A

The outline of a set of data displayed on the coordinate axes.

148
Q

median

A

The value or quantity lying at the midpoint of a frequency distribution.

149
Q

quantitative data

A

Data values that are numbers, representing quantities that can be counted or measured.

150
Q

symmetry

A

The quality of the data having the same shape on both sides of the mean.

151
Q

pie chart

A

A graphical display that shows data in categories as percentages of a circle.

152
Q

range

A

The difference between the maximum and minimum values.

153
Q

box plots

A

A graphical rendering of the range and the first and third quartiles of a data set with the data set’s median in between.

154
Q

check sheet

A

A structured form or table that allows data to be collected by marking how often an event has occurred in a certain interval.

155
Q

mode

A

The most frequent value in a dataset.

156
Q

frequency distribution

A

A record of the number of times data occurs within a certain category.

157
Q

skewed distribution

A

A distribution that is not symmetrical but has a greater quantity of data on one side of the mean.

158
Q

scale

A

The relationship between units and their visual representation on a graph.

159
Q

bar chart

A

A graph that displays data that is distributed over groups or categories.

160
Q

interquartile range

A

The difference, in value, between the bottom and top 25 percent of the sample or population.

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