Applied Pharmacology Flashcards
An undesirable response to a drug by a patient. It may vary in severity from mild to fatal and is called…?
Adverse Drug Reaction
A drug that brings about a specific action by binding with the appropriate receptor is called…?
Agonist
A drug that inhibits a specific action by binding with a particular receptor is …?
Anatagonist
Any manipulation (e.g. diluting combining) performed to produce a dosage-form drug, other than the manipulations described in the directions for use on the labeling of an approved drug product is …?
Compounding
A substance used to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease is …?
Drug
The extent to which a drug causes the intended effects in a patient is …?
Efficacy
The use of a drug that is not specifically listed on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved label is …?
Extralabel Use - a vet can choose the regimen they find best for treatment based on many factors - even if that drug is not labeled for that species or disease
The amount of time (usually expressed in hours) that it takes for the quantity of a drug in the body to be reduced by 50% is …?
Half-life
The bulk production of drugs for resale outside of the veterinarian-client-patient relationship
manufacturing
The biochemical process that alters a drug from an active form to a form that is inactive or that can be eliminated from the body is …?
Metabolism (Biotransformation)
The route of administration of injectable drugs is …?
Parenteral
The ratio of the solubility of substances (e.g, gas anesthetics) between two states in which they may be found (e.g., blood and gas, gas and rubber goods) is …?
Partition Coefficent
A drug that is limited to use under the supervision of a veterinarian because of potential danger, difficulty of administration, or other considerations. The legend that designates a prescription drug states the following “Caution: Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian” is …?
Prescription (legend) drug
A program for administration of a drug that includes the route, the dose (how much), the frequency (how often), the duration (for how long) of administration is …?
Regimen
An amount of a drug still present in animal tissue or products (e.g, meat, milk, eggs) at a particular point
(slaughter or collection) is …?
Residue
The set of circumstances that must exist between the veterinarian, the client, and the patient before the dispensing of prescription drugs is appropriate is …?
Veterinarian-client-patient relationship
The length of time it takes for a drug to be eliminated from animal tissue or products after it is no longer used is…?
Withdrawal time
A vet must select a drug through the use of a method called…?
diagnostic, empirical, or syptomatic
The diagnostic method involves…?
- assessment of a patient - including a history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and other diagnostic procedures, to arrive at a specific diagnosis
The empirical method calls on the use of …?
practical experience and common sense when the drug choice is made.
True or False
Drugs may be chosen to treat the symptoms or signs of a disease if a specific diagnosis cannot be determined.
True
What is the plan (regimen) when administering a drug…?
What is the route of administration
What is the amount that will be given (dosage)
How often will the drug be given (frequency)
How long will the drug be given (duration)
When a drug has toxic effects what steps must be taken? What is the statement that the drug must be labeled with and what is this statement called?
only trained personnel can administer the drug
a veterinarian must approve the drug for use
the drug is classified as a prescription drug and must be labeled with the following statement: “Caution: Federal law restricts the use of this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.”
This statement is called a legend
When a drug is a controlled substance what steps need to be taken by the veterinary technician?
- careful records of the inventory and use of these drugs must be maintained, and some must be kept in a locked storage area.
- Make sure the correct drug is being administered
administer the drug by the correct route and at the correct time - carefully observe the animal’s response to the drug
- questioning any medication orders that are not clear
- creating and affixing labels to medication containers accurately
- explaining administration instructions to clients
- recording appropriate information in the medical record
What is pharmacokinetics?
the complex sequence of events that occurs after a drug is administered to a patient
What is the steady state?
the point at which drug accumulation equals drug elimination
How can drug levels be measured? What is this procedure called?
in blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and other appropriate body fluids
Therapeutic drug monitoring
What are the primary factors that influence blood concentration levels of a drug and a patient’s response to it?
- rate of drug absorption
- amount of drug absorbed
- distribution of the drug throughout the body
- Drug metabolism or biotransformation
- Rate and route of excretion
The way a drug is administered to an animal is influenced by?
- available pharmaceutic form of the drug
- physical or chemical properties (irritation) of the drug
- How quickly onset of action should occur
- use of restraint or behavior characteristics of the patient
- nature of the condition being treated
What ways can a drug be administered that is considered to be orally?
drug placed directly in the mouth or may be given via a tube passed through the nasal passages (nasogastric tube) or through the mouth (orogastric tube)
Drugs that are given by injection are called…?
parenteral drugs
Drugs given by the intravenous route produce the most rapid onset of action, accompanied by the shortest duration. True or False
True
What route of administration produces the slower onset of action than the intravenous route, but provides a longer duration of action?
intramuscular route
When an injectable drug is placed in a substance that delays its absorption, it is referred to as a..?
depot preparation
The subcutaneous route produces a ______onset of action but a slightly _______ duration than the intramuscular route.
slower, longer
What does adding an enzyme, hyaluronidase do to a drug that is given subcutaneously?
may speed its absorption
Routes of drug administration are?
orally parenteral (injection), inhalation, topical
What is bioavailability?
the degree to which a drug is absorbed and reaches the general circulation
What can have an significant effect on the physical and chemical characteristics of drug molecules that influence drug bioavailability?
the manufacturing process
Drugs pass across cellular membranes through 3 common methods. What are they?
passive absorption (transport), through pores in cell membranes, active transport, pinocytosis - a third method of passive transport, cells engulf drug molecules
What is the largest absorptive surfaces in the body?
the small intestine because the efficient design of the villi maximizes the surface area
What are the 4 sources of drugs used in veterinary medicine?
- Botanial - atropine, digoxin, penicillin
- animal - hormones, heparin (insulin), old methods of harvesting
- mineral - electrolytes
- sythesized-most modern drugs are made in a lab