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Applied Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What equation is used to predict BEE?

A

Harris Benedict Equation

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2
Q

When should more calories be given?

A
  1. peritonitis
  2. trauma
  3. sepsis/ multiple traumas
  4. burns
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3
Q

When should more fluids be given?

A
  1. gastric losses
  2. wound drainage
  3. Ileostomy drainage
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4
Q

What medications lead to increased electrolyte requirements?

A

Diuretics
Cisplatin
Amphotericin B

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5
Q

What are causes of GI losses?

A
  1. nasogastric suctioning
  2. vomiting
  3. high ostomy or fistula output
  4. diarrhea
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6
Q

When should sodium be decreased?

A
  1. HF
  2. edema
  3. corticosteroids
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7
Q

When should potassium, phosphorous, and sodium be decreased?

A

renal dysfunction

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8
Q

Why is it difficult to have toxicity from water-soluble vitamins?

A

extensively renally cleared

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9
Q

What is the cause of Wernicke’s?

A

B1 (thiamine deficiency)

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10
Q

What is the dosage regimen for treatment of wernicke’s?

A

500mg TID for 3 days

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11
Q

What does thiamine deficiency in infants lead to?

A

beriberi –> HF

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12
Q

What are complications of B2 (riboflavin) deficiency?

A
  1. mucositis, cheilosis
  2. photophobia, night blindness
  3. decreased tearing (infants)
  4. birth defects (cleft lip, transverse limbs)
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13
Q

What are complications of B3 (niacin) deficiency?

A
  1. pellagra (raw skin)
  2. digestive system
  3. nervous system (disorientation/ memory loss)
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14
Q

What can induce vitamin B3 deficiency?

A

chronic Isoniazid use

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15
Q

What are complications with B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency?

A
  1. limb numbness/ weakness
  2. confusion
  3. irritability
  4. seizures
  5. glossitis
  6. cheilosis
  7. dermatitis
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16
Q

What are causes of B6 deficiency?

A
  1. atrophic gastritis
  2. alcohol abuse
  3. liver dysfunction
  4. RA
  5. sickle cell
  6. celiac
  7. Isoniazid
17
Q

What vitamin deficiency is always checked with worsening mental status in the elderly because presentation is identical to Alzheimers/dementia?

A

vitamin B12 (cyanocobalmin) deficiency

18
Q

How is B12 deficiency monitored?

A

Acute: high MCV, B12 level
Chronic: methylmalonic acid, homocystine

19
Q

What should be done if a patient cannot absorb B12?

A
  1. give intrinsic factor
  2. SL instead of oral
20
Q

What does folic acid deficiency cause?

A
  1. megaloblastic anemia
  2. diarrhea
  3. neural tube defects
21
Q

What can cause folic acid deficiency?

A
  1. alcohol use
  2. diuretics
  3. phenytoin
  4. sulfasalazine
  5. methotrexate
22
Q

What are complications of Vitamin C deficiency?

A
  1. fatigue
  2. muscle pain
  3. infections
  4. decreased wound healing
  5. gingivitis
23
Q

What is needed to absorb fat-soluble vitamins?

A

bile

24
Q

What are complications of vitamin A deficiency?

A
  1. xerophthalmia –> Bitot’s spots
  2. night blindness
  3. infections
25
Q

Why is vitamin A CI in dialysis?

A

nephrotoxic

26
Q

What is the dose of vitamin D for deficiency?

A

600 IU daily
800 IU daily in elderly

27
Q

How is vitamin D supplemented in kidney failure/ dialysis?

A

active form must be used

28
Q

What can vitamin E deficiency lead to?

A
  1. shorten lifespan of RBCs
  2. neuropathy
29
Q

What does vitamin K deficiency lead to?

A

prolonged clotting time

30
Q

Why does every baby get a vitamin K injection within 1 hour of birth?

A

to prevent hemorrhagic disease of newborn

31
Q

What are signs of copper toxicity?

A

cardiac/ renal failure
hepatic necrosis

32
Q

What agent is used to manage copper toxicity?

A

penicillamine (chelating agent)

33
Q

What are signs of zinc deficiency?

A

taste changes
decreased wound healing

34
Q

What are signs of selenium deficiency?

A

cardiomyopathy leading to HF

35
Q

What are signs of selenium toxicity?

A

nail changes
peripheral neuropathy

36
Q

What are signs of chromium deficiency?

A

glucose intolerance

37
Q

What are signs of manganese toxicity?

A

Parkinson’s like symptoms

38
Q

What vitamin deficiencies can achlorhydria lead to?

A

calcium
iron

39
Q

What vitamin deficiencies can atrophic gastritis lead to?

A

B6
B12
folic acid

GI (23 decks)

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