Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ESA4 > Applied Head & Neck > Flashcards

Applied Head & Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the nose (+ nasal cavity)?

A

1) Olfaction 2) Route for inspired air 3) Filter- removes particles by trapping in nasal hair and mucous 4) Moistens/humidifies and warms air 5) Resonating chamber for speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the boundaries of the nasal cavity?

A

Lateral wall - Turbinates Medial wall - Nasal septum which is perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone + vomer + nasal cartilageRoof - Centrally: Cribiform plate of ethmoid; Anteriorly: Frontal/Nasal bones; Posteriorly: Sphenoid boneFloor: Hard palate - maxilla and pallatine bones; soft palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the clinical consequence of an untreated septal haematoma?

A

Saddle Nose Deformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why can untreated septal haematoma lead to saddle nose deformity?

A

Because the septal cartilage is avascular, it receives its oxygen and nutrient supply from the overlying perichondrium. A septal haematoma is an accumulation of blood between the cartilage and perichondrium. This leads to avascular necrosis of the cartilage - leading to the deformity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A septal haematoma can lead to saddle nose deformity. What other clinical consequences are there if left untreated?

A

Septal abscess formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Histology of respiratory mucous membrane?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated cells - to help filter (hair), humidify(secretions) and warm(rich blood supply)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the arterial blood supply to the nose and what is Little’s area?

A

Area of anastamosis - littles or kiessalbachs area…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Venous drainage of nasal cavity

A

Cavernous sinus, facial vein, pterygoid plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A patient has had epistaxis. The doctor treats with posterior packing, what is the most likely artery causing the bleed?

A

Sphenopalatine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which bifurcation of the carotid artery do most of the face arteries come from?

A

External carotid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The external carotid artery terminates as which artery?

A

Superficial temporal and maxillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which artery is the facial artery a branch of ?

A

External carotid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which artery is the major arterial supply to the face?

A

Facial artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does the facial vein run and where does it drain?

A

Along with the facial artery, from the medial angle of the eye to the inferior border of the mandible.Drains in to to the internal jugular vein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The facial vein drains in to the internal jugular vein.What veins drain in to the external jugular vein?

A

Superficial temporal vein, maxillary vein and other veins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where does deoxygenated blood from the internal and external jugular veins drain into?

A

Subclavian vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The brachiocephalic artery bifurcates into the right common carotid and right subclavian arteries. At what level does the common carotid artery bifurcate and what are its two branches?

A

At the superior margin of the thyroid cartilageInternal and external carotid arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the final two branches of the external carotid artery?

A

Superior temporal and maxillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What artery supplies most of the deep structures of the face?

A

Maxillary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What branches does the external carotid artery give before it terminates as the superior temporal and maxillary artery?

A

There are 6 branches.1 - Ascending pharyngeal2 - Superior thyroid3 - Occipital4 - Lingual 5 - Posterior auricular6 - Facial6 - Occipital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is the occipital artery?

A

It comes off the external carotid just before the posterior auricular It is at the back of the head. sheepish grin he-he.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the neck?

A

Area between head and thorax.Conduit for many neurovascular structures and muscle attachmentsExtends from the lower margin of the mandible To the suprasternal notch of the manubrium and upper border of clavicle below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What lies within the superficial cervical layer of the neck?

A

Fatty tissuePlatysmaExternal jugular vein Superficial lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the three layers of deep fascia?

A

Investing layerPretracheal layerPrevertebral layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the carotid sheath?
A compartment for NV structuresFormed by all 3 layers of cervical fascia
26
What is the main sensory nerve of the face and scalp?
Trigeminal nerve
27
To Zanzibar By Motor Car
Temporal ZygomaticBuccalMandibularCervical
28
Why does pathology of the parotid gland affect the face?
The facial nerve and its branches pass through the substance of the parotid glandPathology of the parotid may therefore affect facial nerveThis would cause weakness/paralysis of all/some of muscles of facial expression on ipsilateral side
29
The carotid sheath extends inferiorly from the base of the skull to...
Arch of the aorta
30
Complications of retropharyngeal abscess.
Mediastinitis Venous thrombosisCompression of oesophagus - dysphagiaCompression of trachea - breathlessness/stridorOsteomyelitis
31
Superfical to deep, layers of scalp.SCALP.
SkinConnective tissue (dense)AponeurosisLoose connective tissuePeriosteum
32
Which pharyngeal arch is the trigeminal nerve associated with?
1st Pharyngeal Arch
33
What three divisions arise from the peripheral aspect of the trigeminal ganglion?
Ophthalmic (V1)Maxillary (V2)Mandibular (V3)
34
What motor division is the sole distribution of the trigeminal nerve, and also supplies all the muscles of mastication?
Mandibular division
35
Briefly outline the mechanism behind the corneal reflex.
Corneal reflex - blinking of eyelid in response to tactile, thermal or painful stimulation of cornea.Ophthalmic nerve (division of trigeminal) detects stimulus.Facial nerve causes contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscleIf this reflex absent, damage to either likely
36
What areas does the opthalmic nerve innervate?
Forehead and scalpFrontal and ethmoidal sinusUpper eyelid + conjunctivaCorneaDorsum of the nose
37
Which cranial nerve is the. 'Maxillary' Nerve a division of and what does it innervate?
Lower eyelid and its conjunctivaCheeks and maxillary sinusNasal cavity, lateral noseUpper lipUpper molar, incisor and canine teeth and associated gingivaSuperior palate
38
What cranial nerve is the mandibular nerve a division of and what does it innervate? (SENSORY ONLY)
Trigeminal (again!)Mucous membranes and floor of oral cavityExternal earLower lipChinAnterior 2/3 of tongue (only general sensation - taste is by chorda tympani, a branch of facial nerve)Lower molar, incisor and canine teeth and associated gingiva*That was all sensory*
39
What is the motor supply of mandibular nerve?
Muscles of masticationMedial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid Masseter TemporalisAnterior belly of digastric and mylohyoid musclesTensor veli palatiniTensor tympani Also parasym to salivary glands...
40
What nerve do dentists block when doing a root canal on lower teeth?
Inferior alveolar nerveLingual nerve not targeted, but anasthesia can sometimes spread to it causing numbness of the anterior 2/3 of tongue
41
What nerve supplies muscles of facial expression and muscles of mastication?
MOFE. - facialMOM- (Buccinator, pterygoids, temporalis)
42
What are the five branches of the facial nerve?
1) Temporal2) Zygomatic3) Buccal4) Mandibular5) Cervical
43
Muscles of infratemporal fossa
Muscles of mastication ...
44
What passes through foreamen ovale in head?
Mandibullary branch of trigeminal nerve
45
What does the pterygopalatine ganglion innervate?
Lacrimal glands and nasal mucosa
46
What are the bones of the orbit of the eye?
Roof - frontal and sphenoidFloor - zygomatic and maxillaMedial. - maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoidLateral. - zygomatic and sphenoid
47
Optic canal - what passes through?
Optic nerveOpthalmic artery
48
Superior orbital fissure - what passes through?
Lacrimal (branch of CN V1)Trochlear Frontal OculomotorAbducensSuperior opthalmic vein - something about danger triangle
49
Danger triangle - nose
Venous drainage. Facial veinPterygoid plexusCavernous sinus
50
Name three structures found at level of C4/5
Nfsnflkdlfsjdls
51
How does income distribution affect health?
Increase income equality Increases socio-evaluative threat Increases stress Decreases health
52
Why are people in deprived areas more ill?
- Tendency to manage health as a series of crises - Normalisation of ill-health - Difficulty marshalling the resources needed for negotiation and engagement with health services - Less prevention,more fix
53
What factors relating to diversity are associated with inequalities in health?
Cultures Genetic makeup Risks, exposures, protective factors Responses and recognition Healthcare quality and quantity
54
Innervation of salivary glands?
Above oral fissure - Greater Petrosal Below oral fissure - Chorda tympani
55
Neural control of swallowing and gag reflex
Mechanoreceptors -> glossopharyngeal nerve -> medulla -> vagus nerve -> pharyngael constrictors In gag reflex, same thing but uncoordinated because tongue didn't set it off
56
Components of saliva
``` Mucins for lubrications Salivary amylase Lingual lipase IgA, lysozyme, lactoferrin K+ HCO3- ```
57
Which gland produces most volume of saliva?
Submandibular
58
There is hormonal control of saliva production. True/false.
False. | Under autonomic control - mainly parasympathetic
59
Which nerve stimulates parotid, submandibular and sublingual?
Parotid - glossopharyngael Branch of facial nerve - the others
60
Briefly describe saliva production?
Acinus lined by acinar cells Produce initial saliva which is isotonic Ductal cells modify and make hypotonic Myoepithelial cells contract to eject saliva Kallikrein increases blood flow to salivary gland
61
How do ductal cells modify saliva?
Take Na+ and Cl- Give K+ and HCO3- Overall make saliva hypotonic
62
What happens to saliva at high flow rates?
Less contact time with ductal cells Hence more Na+ and Cl-, less K+ would be like isotonic HOWEVER, more HCO3- because secretion increased at high flow rate
63
Why are the cervical vertebrae more prone to horizontal displacement? Why does slight dislocation not cause any problems?
Cos their articular facets are more horizontal allowing easy slipping Because vertebral foreamen is quite big, so spinal chord not compressed
64
Pharynx - which is where?
Nasal - superior to soft palate Oral - between soft palate and larynx Laryngo - posterior to larynx

ESA4 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions