Applied Dx Flashcards
Non-regenerative anemia ddx (8)
1. Pre-regenerative (caught early)
2. Chronic renal disease (injured kidneys can’t release erythropoietin to signal bone marrow)
3. Inflammation (inflammatory cytokines suppress erythropoiesis + shorten erythrocyte survival in blood)
4. Bone marrow diease (aplastic anemia)
5. Hypothyroidism (low TSH impairs erythropoiesis)
6. Hypoadrenocorticism (low glucocorticoids impairs erythropoiesis)
7. Absolute Iron deficiency (chronic ext. hemorrhage -> Hgb can’t be produced)
8. IMHA (RBC precursors in bone marrow attacked)
Neutrophilia ddx (5)
- Inflammation
- Stress
- Physiologic
- Chronic leukemia
- Paraneoplastic
Chronic leukemia: causes persistent increase in neutrophils
Paraneoplastic: tumor causes increase in neutrophils
Monocytosis ddx (3)
- Inflammation
- Stress
- Acute or chronic leukemia
Monocytes: Primarily responsible for patrolling the body and identifying potential pathogens. They engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other harmful substance
Thrombocytosis ddx (4)
1. 1ºThrombocytosis/Essential thrombocythemia (myeloproliferative disorder)
2. Splenic contracion/splenectomy (spleen stores and filters PLTs- exercise, excitement/dress; reactive thrombocytosis)
3. Inflammation (reactive)
4. Iron deficiency (reactive)
The fundamental causes responsible for thrombocytosis in dogs are:
- a temporary response to epinephrine release.
- a reaction to a disorder or disease in another part of the body.
- a sign of an underlying disease in the bone marrow.
Splenectomy: Thrombocytosis can occur through several mechanisms after splenectomy, including reactive thrombocytosis, loss of blood storage function of the spleen, and increased life span of platelets [6,8]. Splenectomy results in reactive thrombocytosis [14]. Unlike myeloproliferative disorders, more platelets are produced in the bone marrow in response to hemorrhage, inflammation, and tumors. Moreover, loss of the ability to store blood and destroy platelets in the spleen leads to thrombocytosis
Anemia of chronic disease pattern
mild, normocytic (MCV), normochromic (MCHC), non-regenerative (no reticulocytes)
Lesion?
- Lesion ADDED
- Granulomatous rhinitis by Cryptococcus neoformans (cats)
Pathophysiology and ID Lesion?
- Osteoclast bone resorption of ethmoid turbinates -> turbinate atrophy
- Atropic rhinitis (co-infection w/ B. bronchisepica and P. multocida) - swine
Pathophysiology and ID Lesion?
Aspergillus fumigatus in dog causing fibrinonecrotizing rhinitis
Pathophysiology and ID Lesion
Ethmoid hematoma (horse)
- benign tumor that can obstructs nasal passage
FA/EQ herpesvirus causes what lesions in the upper resp system? (bovine herpes, equine herpes, avian herpes)
Fibrinonecrotic pharyngitis and tracheitis
Fibrin (fibrinious) vs Fibrous (fibrosis)
Fibrin: Insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen during coagulation. Indicates acute inflammation. Easily broken off.
Fibrous: Aka collagen/scarring. Sturdy.
Fibrin creates the scaffold for fibroblasts to migrate to lesion and create firm collagen
ID pneumonia distribution and lesion
Normal, healthy lungs
ID pneumonia distribution and lesion
Suppurative bronchopneumonia; cranioventral and firm
ID pneumonia distribution and lesion
Fibrinous bronchopneumonia; cranioventral and hard
ID pneumonia distribution and lesion
Interstitial pneumonia; diffuse and elastic
ID pneumonia distribution and lesion
Embolic pneumonia; multifocal and nodular
ID pneumonia distribution and lesion
Granulomatous pneumonia; multifocal and nodular
Of BRDC/shipping fever in cattle, what organism primarily invades the lungs? Wha is the lesion?
Mannheimia hemolytica -> fibrinous bronchopneumonia
Ovine enzootic pneumonia causes what lesion?
Suppurative bronchopneumonia
Lesions and etiology of suppurative bronchopneumonias
- Cranioventral
- Multifactorial etiologys, never just a single agent/factor
- stress, humidity, crowsing, viral, bacterial
What bacteria causes suppurative bronchopneumonia lesions in pigs atypical of normal pattern (cranioventral)?
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae - can cause caudoventral, cranioventral, and whole lung lesions
causes severe pleuropneumoniae in swine
Glaeserella parasuis & Strep suis cause what lesion?
Fibrinous polyserositis
- starts as bronchopneumonia
- develops into pleural effusion, pericarditis, peritonitis
inflammation of multiple serous membranes
Strepococcus equi ss zooepidemicus causes what type of pneumonia? What can trigger it and how can it be prevented?
- Causes suppurative bronchopneumonia that can progress into severe fibrinous pleuropneumonia
- Transport = #1 factor of pneumonia development in horses. Prevent by max. 5 hours of transport, then stop to walk horse around/let them sneeze.
Fog Fever in cattle
- what lesions does it cause
- what causes it
- interstitial pneumonia: pulmonary edema and emphysema
- when cattle start eating lush grass in spring/summer that is high in tryptophan -> -> ROS produced in rumen
OPP and CAE cause what type of pneumonia/what other lesions?
SR lentivirus
slowly progressive interstitial pneumonia, encephalitis, arthritis, mastitis
What two porcine viruses cause interstitial pneumonia?
PRRSV and SIV
porcine repro & resp syndrome virus
swine influzena virus (orthomyxovirus)
What causes granulomatous pneumonia in cattle? Where may lesions be more evident?
Mycobacterium bovis (bovine tuberculosis)
- lesions may be more evident in the mediastinal and tracheal lnn.
In horses, granulomatous pneumonia is mainly caused by what?
Rhodococcus equi
Rhodococcus equi is a bacterium that lives in the soil and can cause pneumonia in young (1 to 6 months old) foals.
In dogs and cats, fungal disease cause what type of pneumonia?
Granulomatous
4 causes of congenital cardiovascular disorders
1. Septal defect -> atria v. ventricle; R v. L
2. Persistent right aortic arch -> occlusion of esophagus
3. Patent ductus arteriosis -> pulmonary hypertension
4. Stenosis -> pulmonic v. subaortic
3 neoplastic cardiovascular pathologies and their respective predilection sites
- Hemangiosarcoma (spleen, heart, skin)
- Chemodectoma (heart base)
- Lymphoma (Heart, Uterus, Eyes, Lnn, Abomasum, Spinal cord)
chemodectoma = lighter/paler than hemangiosarcoma
HSA: tend to be on right auricle!
ID
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
- Impaired systolic function (decr. contractility) leading to 2º eccentric enlargement (dilatation) of left or both ventricles
HCM v. RCM
HCM: hypertrophied LV = stiff b/c fails to relax -> incr. end-diastolic pressure -> decr. CO
RCM = stiff myocardium but normal ventricular thickness -> diastolic dysfunction due to myocardial fibrosis
myocardium = muscle that makes up heart wall
ID arrow
ARVC = Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
- myocardium replaced with adipose and fibrous tissues -> impaired contraction/relaxation -> RV dilation
Aka Boxer Cardiomyopathy (genetic mutation)
Endocardiosis
myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve
ID
Endocarditis
inflammation of the inner layer of the heart
Ddx for pallor lesions in the heart
Cause necrosis
1. Metabolic: Vit.E/selenium deficiency
2. Infection -> Sepsis
3. Toxin: Ionophore toxicity (horses)
Small lymph nodes ddx
- Atrophy (senile changes)
- Developmental disorders (immunodeficiency syndromes)
- Lack of antigenic stimulation (pathogen-free animals)
- Cachexia/malnutrition (hypercatabolic state)
- Infection (distemper; bvdv) that destructs lymphoid tissue
