Applied Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
5 Functions of the skeleton
Support Mineral Storage Red Blood Cell Production Protection Movement
What is a synovial joint
A freely moving joint in which the surface is covered by cartilage and connected by a joint capsule lined with synovial fluid
Concentric and Eccentric Contraction
Concentric causes tension in your muscle as it shortens
Eccentric is when the force applied exceeds the momentary force produced by the muscle.
Role of ligaments, tendons and cartilage
Ligaments: bone to bone and keep joints stable
Tendons: muscle to bone and transmit power needed to move the bones
Cartilage: Reduce friction and act as shock absorbers
How to remember levers
EFL the ELF FEL
Two different movements at your ankle
Plantarflexion
Dorsiflexion
Role of the deltoid
All movements at the arm
Role of the trapezius
Extension at the neck
Role of latissimus dorsi
Adduction at the shoulder joint
Pectorals role
Adduction and flexion at the shoulder
Role of the biceps
Flexion at the elbow
Role of the triceps
Extension at the elbow
Role of the abdominals
Flexion at the vertebral column
Role of the quadriceps
Provides stability to the knee joint and extends or straightens the knee joint
Role of the hamstrings
Flexion at the hip joint
What is the double circulatory system
Network of blood vessels inside the body that form a double circuit
What is stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction (ml per beat)
Factors affecting stroke volume
Amount of blood returning to the heart
Elasticity of the ventricles
Contracticility of the ventricles
Blood pressure in the arteries leading from the heart
Cardiac Output
Volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle per minute (stroke volume x heart rate)
What does myocardial hypertrophy cause
A lower heart rate forcing the stroke volume to be increased to keep the same cardiac output
Explain process of inspiration
External intercostal muscles contract and diaphragm contracts downwards increasing area of thoracic cavity. Lungs pulled outwards through surface tension decreasing the pressure in the lungs and becoming less than the pressure outside the body. Gas is inspired into the lungs.
Explain process of expiration
Relaxation of intercostal muscles and the diaphragm. The ribs are lowered and the area of the lungs is increased and the pressure of the lungs increases. Air is now forced out to equalise the pressure and expiration takes place
Tidal volume
Volume of air inspired or expired per breath (ml)
Minute Ventilation (l/minute)
Tidal volume x f (number of breaths per minute)
Short Term Effects on the body of exercise
Increase in temp, Metabolic Rate increase and Lactic Acid
Increase in cardiac output
Increase in tidal volume and minute ventilation
Vascular Shunt
Arterioles that supply muscle tissue experience vasodilation to increase blood flow to muscles and arteries that supply blood to other organs vasoconstrict to reduce blood flow to them.
Capillaries open valves to skeletal muscles and close valves that supply other organs
Long Term effects of exercise on the body
Tendons strengthened, Muscular endurance increases and hypertrophy occurs
Cardiac Output, Bradycardia, Increased capillarisation, Decrease in blood viscosity, Increase in red blood cells.
Greater intercostal muscle strength, Gas exchange more efficient and increase in vital capacity
What is oesteoporosis
Disease where bones become fragile and can progress painlessly until bones break
Principles of Training and their definitions
Specificity - Training undertaken is relevant to the sport
Overload - Body works harder than normal so that there is stress and discomfort
Progression - Training should become progressively more harder
Reversibility - If training is reduced or stopped fitness gained will be lost
FITT Principle and their definitions
Frequency - Number of training sessions
Intensity - How hard the athlete is training
Time - Duration must take into account intensity
Type of training - Fulfils specific needs
Prehabilitation
Used to describe strength and conditioning exercises for specific muscles that help to reduce risk of injury
Ballistic Stretching
Involves using the momentum of a moving body or limb in an attempt to force it beyond its full range of motion
Continuous Training
Low intensity
30mins - 2 hours
Fartlek Training
Fartlek means ‘speed play’. A form of continuous training. Changes in speed, incline and terrain are used to provide changes in exercise intensity. Aerobic and anaerobic work can be done in the quantities that suit the performer and it is more varied than continuous training.
Interval Training
Intervals of work and intervals of rest
How to disperse lactic acid
Light jogging
Plyometrics (Interval Training)
Involves rapid and repeated stretching and contracting of the muscles to increase strength and power.
Used to improve dynamic strength
5 factors of a good warm-up
Pulse raising - Increases heart rate and body temperature
Mobility - Take the joints through their full range of movement
Stretching - Dynamic stretches that include ballistic movements
Dynamic Movements - Movements that show a change of direction or speed
Skill Rehearsal - Practicing for common movement patterns in the sport such as dribbling or passing drills
What is capiliarisation
Process where new capillaries are formed
What is mechanical advantage and what levers does provide it
This means that they allow you to move a larger output with a smaller effort
First and Second
What is the origin
The end of the muscle attached to the bone that is stable. The point of origin remains still when the contraction occurs
What is the fixator
Muscle that works with others to stablise the origin of the prime mover.
An example of a frontal plane movement (abduction/adduction at the hip)
Jumping jacks or action at the hip during the breast stroke leg action in swimming
An example of a transverse plane movement (Rotational)
Arm action when bowling in cricket with rotation at the shoulder joint
An example of a sagittal plane movement (up and down movements of flexion and extension)
Leg action in running
What are the three axes of rotation
Frontal - Abduction/Adduction - Cartwheel
Transverse - Rotation - Somersault
Longitudinal - Flexion\Extension - Pirouette in dance
