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PE > Applied Anatomy > Flashcards

Applied Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the five functions of the skeletal system?

A

JOINTS FOR MOVEMENT
- bones form joints and provide surfaces for MUSCLE ATTACHMENT

MINERAL STORAGE
- specifically calcium and phosphorus; calcium keeps the bones strong and healthy

BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION
- produces the red blood cells the body needs to supply oxygen to working muscles; white blood cells fight infection; platelets help blood to clot in the face of an injury

PROTECTION OF VITAL ORGANS
- ribs protect the lungs; pelvis protects the reproductive organs

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2
Q

what are the four types of bone classification?

A

LONG BONES
- act as levers and provide large movements

SHORT BONES
- weight bearing; provide support

FLAT BONES
- protect vital organs

IRREGULAR BONES
- act as a point for muscle attachment; protection

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3
Q

what are the four types of joint?

A
  1. Pivot
  2. Hinge
  3. Ball and Socket
  4. Condyloid
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4
Q

what are the four antagonistic pairs?

A
  1. Biceps and Triceps
  2. Gastrocnemius and Tibialis Anterior
  3. Hip Flexors and Gluteals
  4. Quadriceps and Hamstrings
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5
Q

in what case would the quadriceps be the agonist?

A

during the extension of the knee

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6
Q

in what case would the hamstrings be the agonist?

A

during the flexion of the knee

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7
Q

in what case would the glutes be the agonist?

A

during the extension of the hip

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8
Q

in what case would the hip flexors be the agonist?

A

during the flexion of the hip

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9
Q

what are the three functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

transport
clotting
temperature regulation

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10
Q

define transport in terms of the cardiovascular system

A
  • the blood delivers what the body needs to work but also carries away waste products, such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid
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11
Q

why is transport crucial during physical activity?

A
  • the requirements for oxygen and nutrients increases whilst the need to remove waste products also increases
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12
Q

define clotting in terms of the cardiovascular system

A
  • the process of clotting is important in guarding the body against infection and excessive bleeding
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13
Q

why is clotting crucial for physical activity?

A

to ensure injuries are not life threatening

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14
Q

define temperature regulation in terms of the cardiovascular system

A
  • by controlling the internal diameter (lumen) of vessels, the body is able to maintain it’s temperature
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15
Q

why is temperature regulation crucial during physical activity?

A

during physical activity, the body generates more heat and this needs regulating

when the body gets too hot vasodilation happens, where the internal diameter is widened, and more blood flows to the skin where it is cooled

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16
Q

name the three types of muscle

A
  1. Smooth
  2. Cardiac
  3. Skeletal
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17
Q

what is smooth muscle? (4)

A

not under our conscious control
- located through the middle layer of blood vessels
- responsible for the redistribution of blood
- controls the lumen of blood vessels through vasoconstriction or vasodilation

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18
Q

what is cardiac muscle?

A

not under our conscious control
- found in the heart
- provides the pumping action that circulates blood
- responds to an electrical impulse

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19
Q

what is skeletal muscle? (3)

A

under our conscious control
- you can decide how powerfully you contract them
- muscles attach to bones via tendons

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20
Q

name the four components of blood

A
  1. Red blood cells
  2. White blood cells
  3. Platelets
  4. Plasma
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21
Q

what other name can red blood cells go by?

A

‘erythrocytes’

22
Q

what other name can white blood cells go by?

A

‘leucocytes’

23
Q

what are red blood cells?

A
  • made in the bone marrow
  • transport oxygen to the tissues and working muscles
  • contain haemoglobin which binds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
24
Q

what are white blood cells? (4)

A
  • have a large nuclei
  • act as the body’s defence system
  • produce antibodies
  • surround and consume harmful microbes
25
Q

what are platelets? (4)

A
  • formed in red bone marrow
  • produce thrombokinase (a chemical needed for blood clotting)
  • help blood to clot and repair tissues
  • grow into irregular shapes and stick together to form a plug over the wound when needed
26
Q

what is plasma? (3)

A
  • 90% water
  • carried waste products but also practically everything else in the body
  • can be separated from other components using a centrifuge
27
Q

define aerobic exercise

A

in the presence of oxygen

28
Q

in what case would the body be able to work aerobically?

A

if the intensity of the activity is moderate or lower; this way there is more time for oxygen to be delivered to the working muscles and processed

29
Q

what does aerobic energy production use as fuel sources?

A

carbohydrates or fats

30
Q

what are the by-products of aerobic energy production?

A

carbon dioxide and water - the water is released through sweat whilst the carbon dioxide is transported back to the lungs to be exhaled

31
Q

define anaerobic energy production

A

without the presence of oxygen

32
Q

in what case would the body work anaerobically?

A

if the intensity of the activity is high and the muscular contractions are powerful and fast - oxygen can not be processed fast enough for the body to use it

33
Q

what does anaerobic energy production use as fuel sources?

A

carbohydrates

34
Q

what is a by-product of anaerobic energy production?

A

lactic acid

35
Q

what is the respiratory equation?

A

tidal volume x frequency = minute ventilation

36
Q

define tidal volume
what is your resting tidal volume?

A
  • the amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath
  • 500ml
37
Q

define frequency
what is your resting frequency?

A
  • the number of breaths taken per minute
  • between 12 and 20 breaths
38
Q

define minute ventilation

A
  • the amount of air inhaled or exhaled per minute
39
Q

define vital capacity

A

the maximum amount of air exhaled following a maximum inhalation

40
Q

what is the cardiac equation?

A

stroke volume x heart rate = cardiac output

41
Q

define stroke volume
what is your average resting stroke volume?

A
  • the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat
  • around 70 millilitres per beat
42
Q

define heart rate
what is the average resting heart rate?

A
  • the number of times your heart beats per minute
  • between 70 and 75 BPM
43
Q

define cardiac output
what is the average resting cardiac output?

A
  • the volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute
  • 5 litres per minute
44
Q

define vascular shunting

A

the process of redistributing blood to the active areas during exercise by diverting blood away from inactive areas; achieved by vasodilation and vasoconstriction

45
Q

define vasoconstriction

A

the narrowing of the internal diameter (lumen) of the blood vessels to restrict the volume of blood travelling through them

46
Q

define vasodilation

A

the widening of the internal diameter (lumen) of blood vessels to increase the volume of blood travelling through them

47
Q

define muscle fatigue

A

the reduction in a muscle’s ability to produce force

48
Q

name the three types of muscle fibres

A
  1. Type Ia
  2. Type IIa
  3. Type IIx
49
Q

what is a type Ia muscle fibre? (4)

A
  • slow twitch fibres
  • work aerobically in low intensity activities
  • high fatigue resistance, high aerobic capacity
  • low speed and force of contraction, low anaerobic capacity
  • long distance runners
50
Q

what is a type IIa muscle fibre? (4)

A
  • work anaerobically in high intensity activities
  • high speed and force of contraction, good strength, endurance
  • not as fatigue resistant as type Ia, not as powerful as type IIx
  • 800m runners, games players
51
Q

what is a type IIx muscle fibre? (6)

A
  • fast twitch fibres
  • used for explosive movements
  • work anaerobically in high intensity activities
  • very high speed and force of contraction, very high anaerobic capacity
  • very low aerobic capacity, very low fatigue resistance
  • 100m sprinters

PE (5 decks)

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