Applied Anatomy Flashcards
what are the five functions of the skeletal system?
JOINTS FOR MOVEMENT
- bones form joints and provide surfaces for MUSCLE ATTACHMENT
MINERAL STORAGE
- specifically calcium and phosphorus; calcium keeps the bones strong and healthy
BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION
- produces the red blood cells the body needs to supply oxygen to working muscles; white blood cells fight infection; platelets help blood to clot in the face of an injury
PROTECTION OF VITAL ORGANS
- ribs protect the lungs; pelvis protects the reproductive organs
what are the four types of bone classification?
LONG BONES
- act as levers and provide large movements
SHORT BONES
- weight bearing; provide support
FLAT BONES
- protect vital organs
IRREGULAR BONES
- act as a point for muscle attachment; protection
what are the four types of joint?
- Pivot
- Hinge
- Ball and Socket
- Condyloid
what are the four antagonistic pairs?
- Biceps and Triceps
- Gastrocnemius and Tibialis Anterior
- Hip Flexors and Gluteals
- Quadriceps and Hamstrings
in what case would the quadriceps be the agonist?
during the extension of the knee
in what case would the hamstrings be the agonist?
during the flexion of the knee
in what case would the glutes be the agonist?
during the extension of the hip
in what case would the hip flexors be the agonist?
during the flexion of the hip
what are the three functions of the cardiovascular system?
transport
clotting
temperature regulation
define transport in terms of the cardiovascular system
- the blood delivers what the body needs to work but also carries away waste products, such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid
why is transport crucial during physical activity?
- the requirements for oxygen and nutrients increases whilst the need to remove waste products also increases
define clotting in terms of the cardiovascular system
- the process of clotting is important in guarding the body against infection and excessive bleeding
why is clotting crucial for physical activity?
to ensure injuries are not life threatening
define temperature regulation in terms of the cardiovascular system
- by controlling the internal diameter (lumen) of vessels, the body is able to maintain it’s temperature
why is temperature regulation crucial during physical activity?
during physical activity, the body generates more heat and this needs regulating
when the body gets too hot vasodilation happens, where the internal diameter is widened, and more blood flows to the skin where it is cooled
name the three types of muscle
- Smooth
- Cardiac
- Skeletal
what is smooth muscle? (4)
not under our conscious control
- located through the middle layer of blood vessels
- responsible for the redistribution of blood
- controls the lumen of blood vessels through vasoconstriction or vasodilation
what is cardiac muscle?
not under our conscious control
- found in the heart
- provides the pumping action that circulates blood
- responds to an electrical impulse
what is skeletal muscle? (3)
under our conscious control
- you can decide how powerfully you contract them
- muscles attach to bones via tendons
name the four components of blood
- Red blood cells
- White blood cells
- Platelets
- Plasma
what other name can red blood cells go by?
‘erythrocytes’
what other name can white blood cells go by?
‘leucocytes’
what are red blood cells?
- made in the bone marrow
- transport oxygen to the tissues and working muscles
- contain haemoglobin which binds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
what are white blood cells? (4)
- have a large nuclei
- act as the body’s defence system
- produce antibodies
- surround and consume harmful microbes
what are platelets? (4)
- formed in red bone marrow
- produce thrombokinase (a chemical needed for blood clotting)
- help blood to clot and repair tissues
- grow into irregular shapes and stick together to form a plug over the wound when needed
what is plasma? (3)
- 90% water
- carried waste products but also practically everything else in the body
- can be separated from other components using a centrifuge
define aerobic exercise
in the presence of oxygen
in what case would the body be able to work aerobically?
if the intensity of the activity is moderate or lower; this way there is more time for oxygen to be delivered to the working muscles and processed
what does aerobic energy production use as fuel sources?
carbohydrates or fats
what are the by-products of aerobic energy production?
carbon dioxide and water - the water is released through sweat whilst the carbon dioxide is transported back to the lungs to be exhaled
define anaerobic energy production
without the presence of oxygen
in what case would the body work anaerobically?
if the intensity of the activity is high and the muscular contractions are powerful and fast - oxygen can not be processed fast enough for the body to use it
what does anaerobic energy production use as fuel sources?
carbohydrates
what is a by-product of anaerobic energy production?
lactic acid
what is the respiratory equation?
tidal volume x frequency = minute ventilation
define tidal volume
what is your resting tidal volume?
- the amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath
- 500ml
define frequency
what is your resting frequency?
- the number of breaths taken per minute
- between 12 and 20 breaths
define minute ventilation
- the amount of air inhaled or exhaled per minute
define vital capacity
the maximum amount of air exhaled following a maximum inhalation
what is the cardiac equation?
stroke volume x heart rate = cardiac output
define stroke volume
what is your average resting stroke volume?
- the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat
- around 70 millilitres per beat
define heart rate
what is the average resting heart rate?
- the number of times your heart beats per minute
- between 70 and 75 BPM
define cardiac output
what is the average resting cardiac output?
- the volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute
- 5 litres per minute
define vascular shunting
the process of redistributing blood to the active areas during exercise by diverting blood away from inactive areas; achieved by vasodilation and vasoconstriction
define vasoconstriction
the narrowing of the internal diameter (lumen) of the blood vessels to restrict the volume of blood travelling through them
define vasodilation
the widening of the internal diameter (lumen) of blood vessels to increase the volume of blood travelling through them
define muscle fatigue
the reduction in a muscle’s ability to produce force
name the three types of muscle fibres
- Type Ia
- Type IIa
- Type IIx
what is a type Ia muscle fibre? (4)
- slow twitch fibres
- work aerobically in low intensity activities
- high fatigue resistance, high aerobic capacity
- low speed and force of contraction, low anaerobic capacity
- long distance runners
what is a type IIa muscle fibre? (4)
- work anaerobically in high intensity activities
- high speed and force of contraction, good strength, endurance
- not as fatigue resistant as type Ia, not as powerful as type IIx
- 800m runners, games players
what is a type IIx muscle fibre? (6)
- fast twitch fibres
- used for explosive movements
- work anaerobically in high intensity activities
- very high speed and force of contraction, very high anaerobic capacity
- very low aerobic capacity, very low fatigue resistance
- 100m sprinters
