Applications

Question 1

Hibernation

Answer 1

ATP synthase is uncoupled to allow H+ to pass across the inner membrane
There is an increased number of coupling proteins that transport H+ across the membrane releasing their energy as thermal energy.
Mitochondria respiration is coupled to ATP synthesis (ADP phosphorylation) but is regulated by UCPs.
Present in birds, brown adipose tissue of all mammals (particularly infants)

Question 2

Beetroot juice

Answer 2

Reduces amount of oxygen that must be consumed (19%)
- this improves performance and endurance (16%)
Widens blood vessels -decrease blood pressure and improves blood flow

Decrease the oxygen required for same amount of ATP -due to NO increasing the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation
- reduction in slippage of protein pumps, reducing proton leakage which increases ATP and improves exercise abilities

Question 3

Mitochondrial Disorder

Leigh Syndrome

Answer 3

What: rare inherited neuro-metabolic disorder, affects nervous system

Cause: mutations in mitochondrial DNA or deficiencies of pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme

Symptoms:
ST -loss of head control/motor skills/appetite, vomiting
LT -weakness, lack of muscle tone, leads to impairment I respiratory and kidney function

Treatment:
thiamine/Vitamin B1
Manage lactic acidosis -oral sodium bicarbonate/sodium citrate
Individuals w X-linked form -high-fat, low carb diet