#1: Energy & ATP Flashcards
Kinetic Energy
energy associated with movement
Potential Energy
stored energy, molecules store potential energy in their bonds
First Law of Thermodynamics
The total amount of energy in the universe is constant
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but only converted from one form to another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
In every energy transfer or conversion, some of the useful energy in the system becomes unusable
Bond Energy
Energy is required to start a reaction (activation energy)
As bonds break (reactants) and form (products) e- position changes resulting in a change in energy
- making bonds releases energy
- breaking bonds requires energy
Cells often couple reactions together
Exergonic Reactions
energy is released
Endergonic Reactions
energy is absorbed
Anabolic Reactions
Building
Require energy to be added -endergonic
Catabolic Reactions
Breaking
Energy released -exergonic
ATP
adenosine triphosphate - energy stored in bonds between phosphate groups
energy is released from ATP by breaking off the terminal phosphate group
ATP is broken down via a hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by the enzyme ATPase
ATP is formed via condensation reactions that occur during cellular respiration
Phosphorylation
to add a phosphate group
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
an enzyme is used to phosphorylate ADP
occurs during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation
occurs during the Electron Transport Chain
ATP is formed indirectly through a series of redox reactions
Redox reactions are used to create a proton (H+) gradient in the membrane of the mitochondria
The H+ will move back into the matrix of the mitochondria via ATP synthase
ATP synthase couples the movement of the H+ with the phosphorylation of ADP
ATP Regeneration
Endergonic reaction to regenerate ATP
Energy comes from exergonic reactions as food (CHO, Lipids, and pr-) is broken down
