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Diseases of Crops > Apple and Pear Diseases > Flashcards

Apple and Pear Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

When were apples brought to North America?

A

1600’s

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2
Q

How many apple cultivars make up 90% of US production?

A

10

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3
Q

Who are the top two producers of apples in the world?

A

China

USA

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4
Q

What is the world production of apples in pounds?

A

125 billion

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5
Q

What is the current apple acreage in the USA?

A

430,000

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6
Q

Apple trees are composed only of rootstock? (T/F)

A

false

rootstock and scion (cultivar)

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7
Q

Does Apple Mosaic Virus cause Rose Mosaic?

A

Yes

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8
Q

How is apple chlorotic leaf spot virus transmitted?

A

grafting

no vector or seed transmission reported

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9
Q

Where can apple stem pitting virus be found in the plant?

A

xylem

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10
Q

Do phytoplasmas effect apples and pears?

A

yes

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11
Q

How is apple proliferation transmitted?

A

grafting

leafhoppers

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12
Q

What causes apple proliferation?

A

phytoplasma

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13
Q

Is apple proliferation in the US?

A

No, but in Europe

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14
Q

Where is the apple proliferation phytoplasma limited to in the plant?

A

phloem

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15
Q

What broom symptom does apple proliferation cauase?

A

Witches broom

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16
Q

What is one of the most important apple diseases in europe?

A

apple proliferation

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17
Q

What symptom at grafting point does apple proliferation cause?

A

black line between stock and cultivar

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18
Q

what is the most important type of pathogen for apple?

A

bacteria

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19
Q

What is the pathogen that causes fire blight?

A

Erwinia Amylovora

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20
Q

What is Erwinia amylovora?

A

a bacteria that causes fire blight disease

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21
Q

Is Erwinia amylovora native to North America?

A

Yes

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22
Q

When was Erwinia amylovora introduced to Europe?

A

1950-1960

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23
Q

Where does Erwinia amylovora overwinter?

A

Only in host plants

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24
Q

What was the first bacteria shown to be pathogen to plants and when?

A

Erwinia amylovora in 1885

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25
Q

Where does fire blight overwinter?

A

in cankers

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26
Q

Where do fire blight cankers occur?

A

on infected limbs or the trunk

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27
Q

What color is the bacterial ooze in fire blight cankers?

A

white to yellow

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28
Q

Does fire blight also cause blossom blight on apple and pear trees?

A

yes

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29
Q

Does fire blight cause rootstock blight?

A

Yes

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30
Q

Will fire blight infect whole limbs?

A

Yes

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31
Q

Does fire blight occur on Bradford pear?

A

Yes

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32
Q

Is Apogee used in control of fire blight?

A

Yes but experimentally

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33
Q

What is the scientific name of the cultivated apple?

A

Malus Domestica

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34
Q

What family is the cultivated apple in?

A

Rosaceae

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35
Q

How does an apple a day keep the doctor away?

A

Flavonoids

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36
Q

What is the average apple yield per acre?

A

9800 lbs

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37
Q

What percentage of apple production happens in the USA?

A

7%

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38
Q

What was the 2002 US apple production in lbs?

A

8.5 billion

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39
Q

How many acres of apple trees are in the US?

A

430,000

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40
Q

How many calories does the average apple contain?

A

80

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41
Q

How many grams of fiber in an apple?

A

5

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42
Q

How many pounds of apples does the average consumer eat per year?

A

45.2 lbs

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43
Q

What is the Scion?

A

The apple cultivar

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44
Q

What is the Bromoviridae Ilavirus?

A

The apple mosaic virus

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45
Q

How is the apple mosaic virus transmitted?

A

mechanical,
grafting
pollen
NOT SEED TRANSMITTED

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46
Q

Where in the world is the apple mosaic virus found?

A

worldwide

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47
Q

Which virus shows rose mosaic symptoms in apples?

A

apple mosaic virus

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48
Q

What is the Betaflexiviridae Trichovirus?

A

apple chlorotic leaf spot virus

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49
Q

Where is apple chlorotic leaf spot virus found in the world?

A

worldwide

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50
Q

How is the apple chlorotic leaf spot virus transmitted?

A

No transmission by vectors or seed reported

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51
Q

What is a symptom of the apple chlorotic leaf spot virus?

A

Pear ring pattern disease

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52
Q

What is a symptom of apple stem pitting virus?

A

Xylem pits in the stem
Epinasty
Stony pit

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53
Q

What is Betaflexiviridae Capillovirus?

A

apple stem grooving virus

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54
Q

What are symptoms of apple stem grooving virus?

A

This virus is usually symptomless

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55
Q

Where in the world can apple stem grooving virus be found?

A

worldwide

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56
Q

How does apple stem grooving virus spread?

A

Natural spread is Unknown

Mechanical inoculation is possible

57
Q

What causes apple proliferation?

A

phytoplasma

58
Q

How does apple proliferation spread?

A

Grafting

Leafhoppers

59
Q

Is apple proliferation in the US?

A

No

60
Q

Where in the world is apple proliferation?

A

Europe

61
Q

How could apple proliferation enter the US?

A

budwood or tree smuggling into the US

62
Q

Where in the plant is apple proliferation phytoplasma found?

A

only in the phloem

63
Q

How is apple proliferation tranmitted?

A

Infected material

Grafting

64
Q

Is apple proliferation quarantined?

A

Yes,

USA and Canada

65
Q

What is a symptom of apple proliferation?

A

Witches broom

66
Q

What percentage losses does apple proliferation cause?

A

10-80%

67
Q

What symptoms does apple proliferation cause economically?

A

reduced fruit size, weight, and quality

68
Q

Is apple proliferation spread through seeds?

A

No

69
Q

What is a common symptom on the graft of apple proliferation?

A

black lines along the grafting point

70
Q

What pathogen causes fire blight?

A

bacteria

71
Q

Where on the plant does fire blight occur?

A

blossoms
shoots
limbs

72
Q

What is Erwinia amylovora?

A

bacteria causing fire blight

73
Q

Where did fire blight first occur?

A

North America

74
Q

Where does fire blight overwinter?

A

in infected host plants only

75
Q

What was the first bacterium shown to be a pathogen to plants?

A

Fire blight

76
Q

What is Erwinia amylovora?

A

bacteria that causes fire blight

77
Q

When was fire blight discovered?

A

1885

78
Q

Were Japan’s quarantine on US apples due to fire blight justified?

A

No

79
Q

Where does fire blight overwinter?

A

in cankers

80
Q

What comes out of fire blight cankers?

A

bacterial ooze

81
Q

When does bacterial ooze occur from fire blight?

A

several weeks prior to bloom

82
Q

How is fire blight spread?

A

insects (mainly flies) during bloom
wind
rain
rootstocks

83
Q

What are the symptoms of fire blight?

A

cankers
bacterial ooze
blossom blight

84
Q

What is the main symptom of fire blight?

A

Shepherd’s crook

85
Q

What control measures are used to control fire blight?

A 
avoid susceptible cultivars
good fertilization
remove inoculum
control insects
well timed sprays
growth regulators
86
Q

What type of organism causes apple scab?

A

fungi

87
Q

What direct losses are caused by apple scab?

A

fruit infections

88
Q

What indirect losses are caused by apple scab?

A

tree defoliation

89
Q

What is Venturia inaequalis?

A

The causal agent of apple scab

90
Q

What is Spilocea pomi?

A

the causal agent of apple scab

91
Q

Where do apple scab symptoms occur?

A

on the above ground parts of the apple tree

92
Q

Where are apple scab legions first seen?

A

underside of expanding leaves

93
Q

Where is the growth of apple scab limited to on living leaves?

A

between the cuticle and epidermis

94
Q

What symptoms of apple scab occur on the fruit?

A

legions are brown and corky
uneven development of fruit (deformation)
cracks in the flesh of infected fruit
lesions on fruit

95
Q

What is pinpoint scab?

A

apple scab that occurs on fruit in late summer infections

96
Q

How does apple scab overwinter?

A

as pseudothecia (similar to sclerotia)

97
Q

How many cycles of ascospore occur during one season with apple scab?

A

one

98
Q

How can apple scab be controlled?

A

genetics
chemicals - preventative
cultural - sanitization, urea, tilling, pruning, no overhead irrigation

99
Q

How many plants does cedar apple rust require to complete a life cycle?

A

two - cedar and apple

100
Q

What is Gymnosporangium juniperi?

A

the causal agent of cedar apple rust

101
Q

What two plants does cedar apple rust alternate between?

A

eastern red cedar and apple

102
Q

Which one apple cultivar is nearly immune to cedar apple rust?

A

Delicious

103
Q

What is the most profound symptom of cedar apple rust?

A

bright orange glistening lesions on leaves

104
Q

what cedar apple rust spore producing structures occur on the lower leaf surface?

A

aecia

105
Q

Where does cedar apple rust overwinter?

A

in galls on the cedar tree

106
Q

What does wetting of the galls of cedar apple rust result in during the spring season?

A

spore horns

107
Q

How long does it take for cedar apple rust legions to occur after infection?

A

10-14 days

108
Q

How many seasons can one cedar apple rust gall produce spores?

A

only one season

109
Q

Where do all of cedar apple rust lesions on the apple tree result from?

A

spores produced on a cedar tree

110
Q

Does cedar apple rust produce secondary infections on apple trees?

A

No

111
Q

How can we control cedar apple rust?

A

fungicide applications
remove cedars within a 2 mile radius interupts the life cycle
remove all cedars within 4-5 miles provides complete control

112
Q

what pathogen causes southern blight?

A

Sclerotium rolfsii

113
Q

what is sclerotium rolfsii?

A

the causal agent of southern blight (a fungi)

114
Q

What age apple tree is most susceptible to southern blight?

A

1-3 year old trees

115
Q

Where on an apple tree does southern blight symptoms occur?

A

lower stems and roots

116
Q

What measures can be used to control southern blight?

A

avoid sites with previous disease

remove organic matter around base of the tree

117
Q

What other crops does southern blight infect besides apple?

A

peanut
clover
tomato
soybean

118
Q

What is currently the most resistant rootstock to southern blight?

A

M.9

119
Q

What three forms does black rot occur in?

A

fruit rot
frogeye leaf spot
limb canker

120
Q

What is Botryospaeria obtusa?

A

the causal agent of black rot

121
Q

What is Physalospora obtusa?

A

the causal agent of black rot

122
Q

What does black rot do to apple fruit?

A

causes apple mummies

123
Q

What signs of black rot often occurs on apple fruit?

A

Black pycnidia

124
Q

Where does black rot overwinter?

A

cankers
dead bark
mummified fruit

125
Q

What are control measures for apple black rot?

A

remove dead wood, mummies, and cankers

fungicides

126
Q

Where in the USA is apple bitter rot more important?

A

Southern states

127
Q

What weather does apple bitter rot prefer?

A

warm wet weather

128
Q

What are the primary hosts of apple bitter rot?

A

Apple

Pear

129
Q

What is the causal agent of apple bitter rot?

A

Colletotrichum

130
Q

When does apple bitter rot symptoms occur?

A

when fruit begins to mature

131
Q

What type of pathogen causes apple bitter rot?

A

a fungi

132
Q

What type of pathogen causes apple black rot?

A

a fungi

133
Q

What fungal diseases occur on apples?

A 
Apple Scab
Cedar Apple Rust
Southern Blight
Black Rot
Bitter Rot
134
Q

What color spores occur with apple bitter rot?

A

pinkish

135
Q

What shape is the rotten flesh of apple bitter rot?

A

V-shaped

136
Q

Where does apple bitter rot overwinter?

A

mummified fruit, in bark, in cankers

137
Q

What rot organisms can penetrate unbroken skin?

A

bitter rot

138
Q

How many hours does apple bitter rot need to infect the plant?

A

5

139
Q

How can apple bitter rot be controlled?

A

Fungicides

remove mumified fruit dead wood, twigs from trees

Diseases of Crops (11 decks)

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