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111 Obesity > Appetite regulation > Flashcards

Appetite regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Define Adiposity

A

Level of body fat

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2
Q

What is an Adipostat?

A

Produced by adipose tissue; circulating levels are proportional to body fat

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3
Q

Give 2 examples of an adipostat

A

Leptin

Insulin

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4
Q

Name 3 areas of the hypothalamus related to hunger regulation

A

Ventromedial
Lateral
Arcuate nucleus

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5
Q

Which area of the brain is responsible for appetite regulation?

A

Hypothalamus

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6
Q

What is meant by the ‘set point’ of body weight?

A

With unlimited & free choice of food an animal’s body weight will be defended about a set point.
Starvation causes weight loss
Force feeding causes weight gain

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7
Q

Which areas of the hypothalamus are affected directly by blood glucose levels?

A

Ventromedial

Lateral

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8
Q

An increase in blood glucose;
Will turn on which area of hypothalamus?
To have what effect?

A

Ventromedial

Satiety

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9
Q

A decrease in blood glucose;
Will turn on which area of hypothalamus?
To have what effect?

A

Lateral

Hunger

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10
Q

A mouse with Ventromedial HT lesion.

What will happen to body weight and set point?

A

Weight gain

Increased set point

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11
Q

A mouse with Lateral HT lesion.

What will happen to body weight and set point?

A

Weight loss

Decreased set point

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12
Q

Leptin is encoded for by which gene?

A

Ob gene

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13
Q

On which area of the hypothalamus does Leptin act primarily?

A

Arcuate nucleus

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14
Q

What changes would be expected following a decrease in Leptin levels?
(after weight loss)

A 
Increased food intake
Decreased temperature
Decreased energy expenditure
Decreased reproductive function
Increased parasympathetic activity (rest & digest)
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15
Q

What changes would be expected following an increase in Leptin levels?
(after weight gain)

A

Lower food intake
Lower energy expenditure
Increased sympathetic activity

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16
Q

What type of peptides are released from the Arcuate Nucleus in response to high Leptin levels?

A

Anorexigenic peptides

ee. CART, aMSH

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17
Q

What is an anorexigenic?

A

Peptide that inhibits feeding behaviour

18
Q

Give 2 examples of anorexigenic peptides

A

aMSH
(alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone), secreted by the POMC nuclei of the Arcuate nucleus.

CART
(Cocaine and amphetamine related transcript)

19
Q

What area of the HT do Orexigenic peptides act on?

A

Lateral hypothalamus

20
Q

Are Orexigenic peptide release a response to increased or decreased Leptin levels?

A

Decreased Leptin levels

21
Q

Name 2 Orexigenic peptides

A

NPY
(Neuropeptide Y)

AgRP
(Agouti-related peptide)

22
Q

What effect do Orexigenic peptides have on feeding behaviour?

A

They activate feeding behaviour

23
Q

What effects do aMSH and AgRP have on the Melanocortin Receptor?
MCR4

A

aMSH activates the receptor

AgRP blocks the receptor

24
Q

What is the most common cause of inherited obesity?

A

MCR4 mutation

Present in 1-2.5% of obese people

25
Q

What effect does leptin treatment have on a person with congenital leptin deficiency?

A

Effective form of treatment

Causes weight loss

26
Q

What effect does leptin treatment have on most overweight people?

A

No effect

Majority of obese people have normal leptin genes; they commonly have high circulating leptin levels

27
Q

What hormone signals hunger?

A

Ghrelin

28
Q

Where is Ghrelin produced, and how is it regulated?

A

Stomach

Regulated by calorie intake

29
Q

Where does Ghrelin act?

A

Arcuate nucleus of HT

30
Q

What happens to Ghrelin levels in obesity?

A

Ghrelin levels are reduced
Targetting the Ghrelin pathway to treat obesity has been ineffective. Ghrelin levels are low at the appropriate times in obesity

31
Q

Which nerve signals satiety?

A

Vagus

32
Q

What activates the Vagus nerve to signal satiety?

A

Stomach distension

CCK; relesed by gut epithelia in response to fatty meal

33
Q

What area of the HT produces orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides?

A

Arcuate nucleus

34
Q

What area of the brain does the Vagus nerve stimulate in response to being full?

A

Nucleus of the solitary tract

Which comuunicates with the HT

35
Q

What happens to serotonin levels during appetite

A

Serotonin levels are increased in anticipation of a meal and peak during a meal, especially if carb rich

36
Q

Name a drug that promotes satiety

A

Sibutramine (reductil)

37
Q

How does Sibutramine work?

A

Serotonin and Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor
Increases satiety & reduces metabolic supression that occurs with weight loss
Withdrawn, CV risks

38
Q

What is the reward hormone?

A

Dopamine

39
Q

From where is dopamine released?

A

VTA; ventral tegmental area

40
Q

How does the Dopaminergic reward system affect appetite?

A

Causes consumption of palatable foods.

41
Q

How do endocanabinoids cause hunger?

A

Released post-synaptically
Block volt-gated Ca2+ channels
Prevent neurotransmitter release

111 Obesity (4 decks)

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