Appetite and Satiety

Question 1

What Adipocyte hormones regulate appetite and satiety?

Answer 1

Ghrelin = appetite stimulant ST, LT = regulation of energy metabolism. Reduction in body weight = increased Ghrelin.

Leptin = satiety, released diurnally (think of shift workers). Leptin resistance with increased adipose tissue/obesity - high leptin, no response from hypothalamus.

Adiponectin = increases glucose uptake, oxidation of fats and insulin sensitivity. Anti-inflammatory. Inverse relationship with BMI, low adiponectin = oxidative stress/inflammation = reduced cell x-talk = IR. E.g. blueberries, turmeric, green tea, cold water therapy.

Question 2

Other hormones that regulate appetite and satiety?

Answer 2

Thyroid, oxytocin, cortisol, insulin, glucagon (opposite action to insulin)

Question 3

What is Glucagon-like peptide? (GLP)

Answer 3

Hormone produced in the small intestine stimulating release of insulin from pancreas

Question 4

What is Cholecystokinin?

Answer 4

Released from the duodenum in response to food, stimulates pancreatic enzymes and bile and promotes satiety.

Question 5

What NTs regulate appetite and satiety?

Answer 5

Neuropeptide-Y = increases appetite - high levels in response to dysregulated leptin

Agouti-related peptide (AGRP) = appetite stimulant, stimulated by Ghrelin, inhibited by Leptin

Serotonin = appetite suppressant

Question 6

What is the set point?

Answer 6

Genetically driven weight, fluctuating either way by .5 stone.
Starvation = reduce metabolism, increase appetite.
Abundance = reduced appetite, increase metabolism.