appetite

Question 1

describe the blood glucose cycle

Answer 1

when we eat our blood glucose increases, when we have too much, insulin turn it into glycogen. When our blood sugar falls, glucagon turn glycogen back into blood glucose.

Question 2

what is a set point

Answer 2

points in our weight at which we stop putting on/losing weight.

Question 3

Muller er al 2010

Answer 3

when we exercise, we only lose weight up to a certain point, same if we put on weight, will only be up to a certain point

Question 4

how does our brain know how much body weight we have

Answer 4

the hypathaliac nuclei receive inputs (leptin) as to how much adiposity you’re carrying, and this is able to alter the bodys weight through energy intake and metabolic activity in order to suit the set point.

Question 5

leptin is detected by what

Answer 5

the arcuate nucleus

Question 6

when you have too much leptin…

Answer 6

you have too muh body fat, the arcuate nucleus stimulates the release of anorexigenic hormones which suppress appetite. Released onto the lateral hypothalamus and inhibits the actions of it so the person has a suppressed appetite

Question 7

when you have too little leptin

Answer 7

then orexigenic hormones are released by the arcuate nucleus onto the lateral hypothalamus which stimulates it causing the person to be hungry.

Question 8

where does the orex and anor hormones bind to on the lateral hypothalamus

Answer 8

melanocortin receptor

Question 9

what is ghrelin

Answer 9

hormone produced by the stomach in response to calorie intake

Question 10

how does ghrelin wokr

Answer 10

if you have less calories going into your stomach then you will have more ghrelin which increases appetite

Question 11

study about ghrelin

Answer 11

CUMMINGS 2004

found a correlation between ghrelin levels and hunger

Question 12

homoeostasis

Answer 12

molecules in our blood tell the brain information about bodily functions, it is interpreted as a signal and then tells the brain how to maintain this. The hypothalamus is sensitve to the blood glucose levels and cells within the hypothalamus will adjust themselves according ti the blood glucose levels

Question 13

basic feeding circuit

Answer 13

when we havent eaten, our blood sugar falls, the lateral hypothalamus is activated which tells us to go eat something, if you stimulate this, then it will increase appetite. Once we’ve eaten, our blood sugar increases, the ventromedial hypothalamus is activated and this tells us weve had enough food, if you stimulate this then you increase your level of satiety and then increase the amount you eat.

Question 14

damage to feeding circuit

Answer 14

damage to either the LH or VH can cause the set point to be moved.
HETHERING AND RANSON 1942 found that by creating lesions on the VH in rats, it causes the rat to overeat and hence become obese, suggesting the VH is the satiety centre. HOWEVER GOLD 1973 found this was only the case when other part of the brain were activated suggesting more research is needed.

Question 15

hedonic

what nerve is connected to the stomach

Answer 15

vagus nerve

Question 16

what is palatibility

Answer 16

the hedonic reward due to consuming foods that we find agreeable to the palate

Question 17

food reward circuit

Answer 17

the mesolimbic dopamine system.
dopamine is produced in the ventral tegmental area in the midbrain and passes along to the nucleus accumbens NESTLER 2001

Question 18

dopamine

Answer 18

allows us to learn about how to produce this rewarding feeling again as we make the connection. It ensures we learn about palatable foods and that we want to consume them again.

Question 19

blocking of dopamine

Answer 19

reduces consumption of palatable foods

Question 20

evolutionary trait

Answer 20

to seek out foods high in calories and to eat it at once to be able to be stored as fat.
This is due to our ancestors having scarce food and when finding food eating is as soon as.
This can provide an explanation for why we seek out palatable foods.