Appetite

Question 0

Define appetite.

Answer 0

The natural instinctive desire for food.

Question 1

What is easier if you are physically fit in relation to energy intake?

Answer 1

Regulating body weight

Question 2

Appetite is the interaction between:

Answer 2

Biology (including psychology) and the environment

Question 3

Define hunger

Answer 3

A craving for food. Caused by emptiness and resulting in hyper motility of the stomach.

Question 4

How does hunger trigger eating behaviour?

Answer 4

Via numerous neuro-hormonal mechanisms

Question 5

Define satiation

Answer 5

Characterised by sensation of a full stomach. Leads to a person stopping eating during a meal so determines the size of a meal

Question 6

Define satiety

Answer 6

Sensation of fullness, period of hunger inhibition from one meal to another. Determines meal pattern and frequency.

Question 7

What can affect the accuracy of body weight measurements?

Answer 7

Oedema - water retention

Question 8

What does VAS stand for?

Answer 8

Visual analogue score

Question 9

How long is a VAS line?

Answer 9

100mm equals 10cm

Question 10

What is the main limitation with VAS scores?

Answer 10

Only repeatable within one person cannot compare 2 people

Question 11

Name the two sensory signals that can affect energy intake.

Answer 11

Psychosocial - food preferences from childhood. Perceived weight etc
Organoleptic - don’t tend to over eat unpleasant food

Question 12

Where do the signals come from in short term and long term?

Answer 12

Short term - post meal signal, hormones

Long term - signal from body fat store

Question 13

Name the meal related afferent signals.

Answer 13

Gherlin
PYY
GLP-1

Question 14

Name the long term afferent signals.

Answer 14

PP
Insulin
Lepton

Question 15

Where does Ghrelin come from?

Answer 15

Stomach

Question 16

Where does PYY and GLP-1 come from

Answer 16

Intestine

Question 17

Where does PP and insulin come from

Answer 17

Pancreas

Question 18

Where does leptin come from

Answer 18

White adipose tissue

Question 19

If you are hungry you have increased levels of ?

Answer 19

NPY

Question 20

What is the only hormone that makes you eat?

Answer 20

Ghrelin

Question 21

The interheart study states MI risk increases with increased cholesterol, increased non HDL cholesterol, apo B conc and a decrease in HDL and Apo A. Apo B/Apo A1 ratio was a better risk marker of MI than the ratio of cholesterol/HDL. Apo B better marker than cholesterol and LDL. And Apo A1 better than HDL chol

Answer 21

McQueen et al 2008

Question 22

McQueen 2008

Answer 22

Interheart study MI risk Apo a1 and Apo B

Question 23

Best way to improve blood lipid profile is to replace Trans fats with unsat fats from unhydrogenated oils. Also to replace sat fats with cis unsat fats decrease cad risk. Not high carb diet

Answer 23

Mensink 2003

Question 24

Mensink 2003

Answer 24

Replace Trans with unsat. Replace sats with cis unsat

Question 25

Liu 2000

Answer 25

Increase fruit and veg

Question 26

Increased fruit and veg decreases risk of MI and protective against CVD.

Answer 26

Liu 2000

Question 27

Kromhout 2011

Answer 27

Low sat fat, low as poss Trans. Make sure fulfil n3 and n6s

Question 28

Low sat. Low as poss Trans. N3 and n6. 5% sat fat replaced by n6 equals 10% decrease in chd. People who eat fish once a week decrease CVD by 15%

Answer 28

Kromhout 2011

Question 29

Astrup 2010

Answer 29

Chd risk decreased when sat fats replaced with pufas. In western diet 1% of energy from sat replaced with pufas lowers LDL could reduce chd by 2-3%

Question 30

Sources of n3

Answer 30

Flaxseed and oily fish (alpha linolenic)

Question 31

Source of cholesterol

Answer 31

Eggs and prawns

Question 32

Apo A

Answer 32

Co factor for lcat found on cms and HDL

Question 33

Apo b48

Answer 33

On cm remnants returns to liver

Question 34

Apo 100

Answer 34

Bind to LDL receptors. Vldls, idls, Ldl

Question 35

Apo c

Answer 35

LPL binding

Question 36

Apo e

Answer 36

Reputable by liver

Question 37

Lcat stands for

Answer 37

Lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase

Question 38

Hepatic lipase

Answer 38

On the liver cells, hepatocytes, tags from idl to form LDL

Question 39

Cetp does?

Answer 39

Moves cholesterol esters to LDL and vldl

Question 40

3 uses of cholesterol

Answer 40

Cell membranes, bile acids, steroid hormones

Question 41

HDL Apo ?

Answer 41

A1

Question 42

Non LDL Apo?

Answer 42

Apo B

Question 43

Origin of Apo b 48

Answer 43

Intestine

Question 44

Origin of Apo b 100

Answer 44

Liver

Question 45

Apo c2 activates?

Answer 45

LPL, cleaves tags

Question 46

What happens to excess LDL particles.

Answer 46

Invade arterial wall and become oxidised and create foam cells

Question 47

Exogenous pathways equals

Answer 47

Chylomicrons packaged in enterocytes in small intestine, through lypthatic system