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CIS111 > Appendix A: The Internet and the World Wide Web > Flashcards

Appendix A: The Internet and the World Wide Web Flashcards

1
Q

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)

A

The agency charged with the task of connecting Department of Defense computers to each other and to weapons installations distributed all over the world. Also called Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). WEB A7

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2
Q

ARPANET

A

The experimental wide area network (WAN) created by DARPA in 1969 that grew to become the Internet. See also Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). WEB A9, WEB A11

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3
Q

bandwidth

A

The amount of data that can travel through a communications circuit in one second. WEB A20, WEB A23

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4
Q

Because It’s Time Network (BITNET)

A

A network of university computers that eventually became part of the Internet. WEB A10

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5
Q

bits per second (bps)

A

The basic increment in which bandwidth is measured. WEB A20

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6
Q

byte

A

The basic increment in which file sizes are measured; it contains 8 bits. WEB A5

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7
Q

Category 1 cable

A

A type of twisted pair cable that telephone companies have used for years to carry voice signals; Category 1 cable is inexpensive and easy to install but transmits information much more slowly than other types of cable. WEB A3

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8
Q

Category 5 (Cat-5) cable

A

A type of twisted pair cable developed specifically for carrying data signals rather than voice signals; Category 5 cable is easy to install and carries signals between 10 and 100 times faster than coaxial cable. WEB A3

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9
Q

Category 5e (Cat-5e) cable

A

An enhanced Category 5 cable that is constructed of higher quality materials so it can carry signals faster than regular Category 5 cable. WEB A3

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10
Q

Category 6 (Cat-6) cable

A

A type of twisted pair cable that is constructed of higher quality materials than Category 5e cable so it can carry signals faster. WEB A3

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11
Q

Category 7 (Cat-7) cable

A

A type of twisted pair cable that is constructed of higher quality materials than Category 6 cable so it can carry signals faster. WEB A3

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12
Q

circuit switching

A

A centrally controlled, single-connection method for sending information over a network. WEB A8

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13
Q

client

A

A computer connected to a server and sharing its resources. WEB A2

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14
Q

client/server network

A

A way of connecting multiple client computers to a server so the clients can share the server’s resources, such as printers, files, and programs. WEB A2

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15
Q

coaxial cable

A

An insulated copper wire encased in a metal shield and then enclosed in plastic insulation; coaxial cable carries signals about 20 times faster than Category 1 twisted pair cable, but is considerably more expensive. WEB A3, WEB A4

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16
Q

commerce service provider (CSP)

A

A large ISP that sells Internet access and other services to businesses to help them conduct business activities on the Internet. WEB A20

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17
Q

Computer Science Network (CSNET)

A

An internet funded by the NSF for educational and research institutions that did not have access to the ARPANET. WEB A10

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18
Q

dial-up

A

The standard telephone service provided by telephone companies to business and individual customers for voice communications that allows users to transmit data by using a modem at a bandwidth of between 28.8 Kbps and 56 Kbps. Also called plain old telephone service (POTS). WEB A21

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19
Q

Digital Subscriber Line

A

A type of broadband connection provided by a telephone company that provides transmission speeds of 16 to 640 Kbps from the user to the telephone company and transmission speeds of 1.5 to 9 Mbps from the telephone company to the user. Also called Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL). WEB A22

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20
Q

DNS (Domain Name System) software

A

A program on an Internet host computer that coordinates the IP addresses and domain names for all computers attached to it. WEB A7

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21
Q

domain name

A

A unique name associated with a specific IP address. WEB A6

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22
Q

domain name server

A

The Internet host computer that runs DNS software to coordinate the IP addresses and domain names for every computer attached to it. WEB A7

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23
Q

dotted decimal notation

A

A method of writing the parts of a 32-bit IP address as four decimal numbers separated by periods. WEB A7

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24
Q

extranet

A

An intranet that permits access by selected outside parties. WEB A12

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25
fiber-optic cable
A type of cable that transmits information by pulsing beams of light through very thin strands of glass; fiber-optic cable transmits signals much faster than coaxial cable does, is immune to electrical interference, and is more durable than coaxial cable, but it is harder to work with and is more expensive. Also called fiber. WEB A4
26
file transfer protocol (FTP)
That part of the TCP/IP protocol set that includes rules for formatting, ordering, and error-checking files sent across a network. WEB 7, WEB 39, WEB 444, WEB A10
27
fixed-point wireless
A technology for wireless connections to a network that uses technology that is similar to wireless LANs. WEB A23
28
general TLD (gTLD)
A top-level domain (TLD) that is maintained by ICANN. WEB A7
29
gigabits per second (Gbps)
A measure of bandwidth; 1,073,741,824 bits per second (bps). WEB A20
30
graphical user interface (GUI)
A way of presenting program output that uses pictures, icons, and other graphical elements instead of just displaying text. WEB A16
31
heading tag
An HTML tag that instructs a Web browser to display the text enclosed in the tag as a heading. WEB 398, WEB 402, WEB 403, WEB 416, WEB A16
32
HTML document
A text file that includes HTML tags that indicate how a Web browser should format the text. WEB 4, WEB 36, WEB A16
33
hypertext
A system in which text on one page links to text on other pages. WEB A15
34
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
A programming language used to format documents containing text and images to they can be viewed in a Web browser. WEB 2, WEB 36, WEB 400, WEB A16
35
hypertext server
A computer that stores HTML documents and lets other computers connect to it and read those documents. WEB A15
36
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
A type of DSL that allows data transmission at bandwidths of up to 256 Kbps. WEB A22
37
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
The organization that since 1998 has been responsible for managing domain names on the Internet. WEB A7
38
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
A self-organized group that makes technical contributions to the engineering of the Internet and its technologies. It is the main body that develops new Internet standards. WEB A12
39
Internet host
A computer that connects a LAN or WAN to the Internet. WEB A13, WEB A14
40
Internet Protocol (IP)
A part of the TCP/IP set of rules for sending data over a network. WEB A10
41
Internet service provider (ISP)
A firm that purchases Internet access from network access points and sells it to businesses, individuals, and smaller ISPs. Also called an Internet access provider (IAP). WEB A20
42
Internet2
A network developed by a group of research universities and the NSF that has backbone bandwidths that exceed 10 Gbps. WEB A22
43
intranet
A LAN or WAN that uses the TCP/IP protocol but does not connect to sites outside a single organization. WEB A12
44
IP (Internet Protocol) address
A series of four numbers separated by periods that uniquely identifies each computer connected to the Internet. WEB A5
45
IP version 4 (IPv4)
An IP addressing system that uses a 32-bit number to label each address on the Internet. WEB A5
46
IP version 6 (IPv6)
An IP addressing system approved in 1997 as the protocol that replaces IPv4; IPv6 generates a billion more addresses than IPv4. WEB A6
47
Joint Academic Network (JANET)
An early network established by U.K. universities. WEB A11
48
kilobits per second (Kbps)
A measure of bandwidth; 1,024 bps. WEB A20
49
kilobyte (KB)
A unit of measure for file sizes; it is approximately 1,000 characters, 8,192 bits, or 1,024 bytes. WEB 79, WEB A21
50
local area network (LAN)
Any of several ways of connecting computers to each other when the computers are located close to each other (no more than a few thousand feet apart). WEB A2
51
mailing list
A list of names and email addresses for a group of people who share a common interest in a specific or broad subject or topic and exchange information by subscribing to the list. WEB 244, WEB A11
52
megabits per second (Mbps)
A measure of bandwidth; 1,048,576 bps. WEB A20
53
megabyte (MB)
A unit of measure for file sizes; it is 1,048,576 bytes or 8,388,608 bits. WEB A21
54
Memex
A memory extension device envisioned by Vannevar Bush in 1945 that stored all of a person’s books, records, letters, and research results on microfilm; the idea included mechanical aids to help users consult their collected knowledge fast and in a wide variety of ways. WEB A15
55
MILNET (Military Network)
That part of ARPANET, created in 1984, reserved for military uses that required high levels of security. WEB A11
56
modem
A device that converts a computer’s digital signal to an analog signal (modulation) so it can travel through a telephone line, and also converts analog signals arriving through a telephone line to digital signals that the computer can use (demodulation). WEB A21
57
modulation
The process of converting a digital signal to an analog signal. WEB A21
58
network access point (NAP)
The point at which local portions of the Internet connect to its main network backbone. WEB A20
59
network backbone
The long-distance lines and supporting technology that transport large amounts of data between major network nodes. WEB A11
60
Network Control Protocol (NCP)
A set of rules for formatting, ordering, and error-checking data used by the ARPANET and other early forerunners of the Internet. WEB A9
61
network interface card (NIC)
A card or other device inserted into or attached to a computer that allows it to be connected to a network. WEB A2
62
network operating system
Software that runs on a server and that allows clients to be connected to it and share its resources. WEB A2
63
node
Each computer, printer, or other device that is attached to a network. Also called a network node. WEB A2
64
octet
In networking applications, the term given to represent an 8-bit number. WEB A5
65
open architecture
An approach that allows each network in an internet to continue using its own protocols and data transmission methods for moving data internally. WEB A10
66
optical carrier (OC)
A type of fiber-optic cable. WEB A22
67
packet switching
A method for sending information over a network in which files and messages are divided into packets that are labeled electronically with codes for their origins and destinations, sent through the network, each possibly by a different path, and then reassembled at their destination. WEB A8
68
protocol
The rules for formatting, ordering, and error checking data sent across a network. WEB A9
69
router
A hardware device that accepts packets from other networks and determines the best way to move each packet forward to its destination. WEB A9
70
routing algorithm
The program on a router in a packet-switching network that determines the best path on which to send packets across the network. WEB A9
71
server
A computer that accepts requests from client computers that are connected to it and shares some or all of its resources, such as printers, files, or programs, with those client computers. WEB A2
72
sponsored link
A link that appears on a search engine results page because an advertiser paid to have it placed there. WEB A7
73
sponsored TLD (sTLD)
A top-level domain (TLD) that is maintained by a sponsoring organization (such as an industry trade group) rather than by ICANN. WEB A7
74
Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)
The document description language on which HTML is based. WEB A15
75
T-1
A high-bandwidth (1.544 Mbps) data transmission connection used as part of the Internet backbone and by large firms and ISPs as a connection to the Internet. WEB A22
76
T-3
A high-bandwidth (44.736 Mbps) data transmission connection used as part of the Internet backbone and by large firms and ISPs as a connection to the Internet. WEB A22
77
TCP/IP
A combined set of rules for data transmission; TCP includes rules that computers on a network use to establish and break connections, and IP includes rules for routing of individual data packets. WEB A10
78
Telnet
An Internet protocol that lets users log in to their computer accounts from remote sites. WEB A10
79
top-level domain (TLD)
The last part of a domain name, such as .com. WEB A7
80
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
A part of the TCP/IP set of rules for sending data over a network. WEB A10
81
twisted pair cable
The type of cable that telephone companies have used for years to wire residences and businesses; twisted pair cable has two or more insulated copper wires that are twisted around each other and enclosed in another layer of plastic insulation. WEB A3, WEB A4
82
wireless network
A way of connecting computers in a network that uses radio signals for communication instead of cables. WEB A4
83
World Wide Web (Web)
A collection of files that reside on computers called Web servers that are connected to each other through the Internet. WEB 4, WEB 36, WEB A14

CIS111 (6 decks)

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