Appendicular skeleton, joints, muscles Flashcards
What makes up the appendicular skeleton
Arms and Legs
Bones of the hands
carpals, metacarpals and phalanges
Bones of the feet
talus, calcaneus, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
What is a joint
A joint is the part of the body where two or more bones meet to allow movement
What is a tendon?
Tissue that attaches a muscle to other body parts
What is a ligament
a fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
what is a bursa
closed, fluid-filled sac that works as a cushion and gliding surface to reduce friction
what is flexion?
The action of bending
what is extension?
increases the angle between the bones of the limb at a joint
What is Hyperextension?
excessive movement of a joint in one direction (straightening)
what is adduction
movement of a body part toward the body’s midline
What is abduction
movement of a body part away from the midline
What is elevation
raising a body part directly upwards
what is depression
the movement in lowering down of a body part
what is protraction
to protrude or stick out a part of the body
what is retraction
movement that results in the stuck out limb is moved back to its original position
what is pronation
roation of the forearm and hand so that the palm is down
what is supination
rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces forward or upward
what is dorsiflexion
the backward bending and contracting of your hand or foot
what is plantar flexion
extension of the ankle so that the foot points down and away from the leg
what is arthritis
swelling and tenderness of one or more joints
what is aponeurosis
thin sheath of connective tissue that helps connect muscle to bones
what is origin
the site where bone and muscle are attaches, but do not move during contraction
what is insertion
place where one end of a muscle is attached to the freely moving bone of its joint
what is a prime mover
responsible for generating the movement
what is a synergist
assist the “primary mover” for a specific action at the joint
what is a antagonist
muscle that opposes the action of another
what is perineum
the region below the pelvic diaphragm
what is synapse
small gap at the end of a neuron that allows a signal to pass from one neuron to the next
what is a synaptic knob
a terminal branch at the end of the post synaptic neuron, it contains neurotransmitters
what is neuromuscular junction
a synaptic connection between the terminal end of a motor nerve and a muscle
what is a neurotransmitter
chemical messengers that your body cant function without
what is acetylcholine
important neurotransmitter that plays a role in brain functions ( memory, moving your muscles)
4 major joint categories
Ball-and-socket joint, Hinge joints, Pivot joints, Ellipsoidal joints
Effect of exercise on cartilage and synovial fluid in synovial joints
stimulates the release of synovial fluid into the joint cavity
TMJ syndrome
Cause pain in your jaw joint and in the muscles that control jaw movement
what is a rotator cuff
group of muscles and tendons that surround the shoulder joint, keeping the head of the upper arm bone bone firmly within the shallow socket of the shoulder
What is a ACL
Tear or sprain of the anterior cruciate ligament
Functions of muscles
movement, posture, joint stability and heat production
Skeletal muscle
tissue fibers attached to your skeleton or bones and is responsible for all your movements
Cardiac muscles
makes up the thick middle layer of the heart
Smooth muscles
an involuntary, non-striated muscle
What is Epicranius muscles
broad musculofibrous layer, which covers the whole of one side of the vertex of the skull, also called occipitofrontalis
What is nasalis
Paired muscle that covers the dorsum of the nose
What is mentalis
paired central muscle of the lower lip, situated at the tip of the chin
What is orbicularis oris
muscle that surrounds the mouth and forms the lips, also enables you to pucker
what is buccinators
the major facial muscle underlying the cheek
what is masseter
muscle which runs though the rear part of the cheek from the temporal bone to the lower jaw on each side and closes the jaw in chewing
what are the muscles that move the tounge
The genioglossus muscle that protrudes the tounge
the styloglossus muscle retrudes the tongue and elevates it lateral margins,
and the hyoglossus muscles retrudes the tongue and depresses its lateral margins
what are the neck flexors
the sternocleidomastoids, longus colli and caoitis
what are the neck extensors
semispinalis cervicis and multifidus
Muscles of the repiration
the diaphragm, the rib cage muscles, and the abdominal muscles
Muscles of the abdominal wall
External oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis
What is the erector spinae
Deep muscles of the back
What is the trapezius
a large superficial back muscle that resembles a trapezoid
What is the latissimus dorsi?
broad, flat muscles occupying most of the lower posterior throax
Muscles that involved in elbow flexion and extension
biceps, brachii, brachinoradialis, and the brachialis
What is quadriceps
A group of muscles at the front of your thigh
What is the satorius
Longest muscle in the body, spanning both the hip and the knee joints
What are hamstrings
group of three muscles that run along the back of the thigh from the hip to just below the knee
What are gastrocnemius
complex muscle that is fundamental for walking and posture
Type of hernias
umbilical hernia, incisional hernia, spigelian hernia, inguinal hernia, femoral hernia, diaphragmatic herna
What is the structural hierarchy of the skeletal muscle
collagen chains, collagen molecules, microfibrils, fibrils, collagen fibers, osteon network, and organization of osseous
All the stages in muscle contraction
resting, exicitement-contraction, contraction, recharge, and relaxation
What is action potential
triggers a sequence of actions that ultimately results the contraction and relaxation of the muscle fiber
What is rigor mortis
A postmortem change resulting in the stiffening of the body muscles due to chemical changes in their myofibrils
What is oxygen debt?
a temporary oxygen shortage in the body tissues arising from exercise
Why does oxygen debt happen
When there is not enough oxygen to keep up with the demand for energy
What is isometric contraction
a muscle contraction without motion
What is isotonic contractions
a contraction where the tension in the muscle remains unchanged despite a change in muscle length
What type of respiration is used for ATP production in immediate term
Aerobic cellular respiration
What type of respiration is used for ATP production in short term
Aerobic respiration
What type of respiration is used for ATP production in long term
cellular respiration
What the difference between fast twitch and slow twitch muscle fibers
slow twitch-supports long dostance endurance
fast twitch-supports quick powerful movements
