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Phase 2A Mehdi > Apoptosis and Necrosis > Flashcards

Apoptosis and Necrosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is Apoptosis

A

Programmed Cell Death without the release of harmful products

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2
Q

What does apoptosis with mitosis allows

A

Continuous renewal of cells

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of apoptosis

A
  • It is energy dependant

- Enzymatic digestion of nuclear/cytoplasmic contents

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4
Q

How is apoptosis different to necrosis

A
  • Necrosis cell death is unintended caused by cellular injury
  • Apoptosis suppresses inflammation and responds to necrosis
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5
Q

Why is defective apoptosis clinically significant

A

Allows for neoplasia like cancer cells living longer

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6
Q

Why is apoptosis important in AIDs

A

HIV proteins activate CD4 on T-helper lymphocytes causing apoptosis
cause immunodepleting and dysfunction

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7
Q

What are the inhibitors of apoptosis

A

Growth factors
Ex. cellular matrix
Sex steroids
Viral proteins

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8
Q

What are the inducers of apoptosis

A 
Lack of Growth factor
Loss of matrix attachment
Glucocorticoids
Free radicals
Ionising radiation
DNA damage
Ligand bind at death receptors
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9
Q

What are the two pathways of apoptosis

A

Intrinsic

Extrinsic

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10
Q

What members of the BCL-2 family does the intrinsic apoptosis pathway use

A

BCL-2 inhibits the factors that induce apoptosis (no apoptosis)
Bax forms Bax-Bax dimers that enhance apoptosis stimuli (yes apoptosis)

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11
Q

What stimuli does the intrinsic factor respond to

A 
Growth factors
Biochemical stress (DNA damage)
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12
Q

What is the p53 gene

A

A protein that induces cell cycle arrest and initiates DNA damage repair

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13
Q

When is apoptosis activated by pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family

A

When DNA damage is too difficult to repair

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14
Q

How is the extrinsic apoptosis pathway induced

A

Ligand binding at Tumour Necrosis Factor Receptors on cell surface

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15
Q

What receptors act as death receptors

A

TNFR1

Fas (CD95)

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16
Q

What is the result of ligand binding

A

Promotes clustering of receptor molecules
Initiates signal transduction cascade = CASPASES activation
Lymphocyte elimination

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17
Q

What are CASPASES

A

Cell death enzymes

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18
Q

What happens when apoptosis is triggered

A
  • Activation of initiator caspases
  • Other pro-caspases cleaved
  • Active caspases cause degradation of cytoskeletal framework and nuclear proteins
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19
Q

What is necrosis

A

Traumatic cell death which induces inflammation and repair

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20
Q

What is necrosis characterised by

A

Bioenergetic failure

Loss of plasma membrane integrity

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21
Q

How does necrosis induce inflammation and repair

A

Ruptured plasma membrane
Cell content spillage
Inflammatory response and repair

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22
Q

What happens to a cell during coagulative necrosis after ischaemia

A

Cell retains shape as protein coagulates but metabollic processes shut down
Tissue goes from firm to soft as macrophages digest (can cause ventricular rupture if the tissue is the myocardium)

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23
Q

Where does liquefactive necrosis occur

A

In the brain because

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24
Q

what is caseous necrosis

A

Cheese like structured tissue

Most likely Tuberculosis

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25
Q

What is gangrene

A

Bacteria caused tissue rotting (black)
Likely caused by clostridia
Black = deposition of iron sulphide from degraded haemoglobin

26
Q

What is a congenital disease

A

PRESENT AT BIRTH

  • Chromosomal
  • genetic diseases
27
Q

What is a genetic disease

A

Inherited

Spontaneous

28
Q

What are inherited genetic disorders

A 
Cystic Fibrosis- AR
Sickle cell anaemia -AR
Familial adenomatous polyposis- AD
Colour blindness -X
Huntington’s - Adulthood
29
Q

What are spontaneous genetic disorders

A

Down’s - trisomy 21
Edward’s - trisomy 18
Palau’s -trisomy 13

30
Q

What are non genetic disorders

A

Environmentally acquired

-fetal alcohol syndrome

31
Q

What are acquired diseases

A

Not environmentally acquired

  • Tuberculosis
  • lung cancer
  • bone fracture
  • AIDS
32
Q

What are multi factorial diseases

A

Due to many factors

  • neural tube defects
  • cleft palate
33
Q

What are some neural tube defects

A

Spina bifida - exposed spinal cord
Anencephaly - major brain absence
Hydrocephalus - fluid build up in brain
Folate deficiency

34
Q

What is hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size without cell division

35
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number by mitosis

36
Q

when a nd what stimulates Uterine smooth muscle hypertrophy

A

Oestrogens

during Puberty and Pregnancy

37
Q

What are two examples of muscular hypertrophy

A

Skeletal muscle- limb response to increase activity

Left ventricle- Sustained outflow resistance

38
Q

What two cells can hyperplasia not happen in

A

Myocardial

Nerve

39
Q

Whic growth factor causes brain marrow hyperplasia for people living in high altitudes

A

Erythropoeitin

40
Q

Is hyperplasia of prostate smooth muscle an issue

A

Can be benign/malignant

41
Q

What is atrophy

A

Reduction in organ/tissue size/cell number by apoptosis

42
Q

When is there natural atrophy in the development of the GI tracts

A

Wollfian (males)
Mullerian (females)
There is no more use for them

43
Q

When can atrophy cause disease

A

Lack of function - immobilisation by pain/cast
Innervation loss = muscle atrophy
Lack of nutrition

44
Q

What is metaplasia

A

The change in differentiation of a differentiated cell

45
Q

What can cause metaplasia

A

smoking - ciliated respiratory epithelium to squamous epithelium
stones - duct epithelium of salivary gland/pancreas,bile duct to squamous
stomach acid - columnar epithelium of oesophagus to squamous epithelium

46
Q

What is Barrett’s Oesophagus

A

stomach acid - columnar epithelium of oesophagus to squamous epithelium

47
Q

What is dysplasia

A

Cell changes in the PROGRESSION to cancer

or a lack of development (i.e bones)

48
Q

What is the trend between ageing and cell division

A

Cell division decreases with ageing

49
Q

Which cells have the greatest potential for cell division

A

Fetal cells

50
Q

What is ageing influenced by

A

Genetic and Environmental factors

51
Q

What causes deafness

A

Loss of hair cells

52
Q

What causes senile dementia

A

Nerve cells cannot replicate = brain atrophy

53
Q

What causes cataracts

A

UV light damage = cross linking proteins in eye

54
Q

What causes osteoporosis

A

Lack of Vitamin D and oestrogen in earlier life

55
Q

What causes dermal elastosis (wrinkling)

A

UV light damage = less collagen = less elastin

56
Q

Why do the elderly have impaired immunity

A

Less production of Immune cells

57
Q

What is carcinogenesis

A

Transform normal cells to neoplastic cells by permanent genetic mutations
(malignant)

58
Q

What is neoplasm

A

A lesion from autonomous abnormal growth

59
Q

What is neoplasia

A

Autonomous
Abnormal
Persistent
New growth

60
Q

Why can neoplasms areise from erythroblasts but not erythrocytes

A

Because erythrocytes have no nucleus

61
Q

Why does the probability of cancer increase with age

A

Chance of neoplastic transformations increase with the number of cell divisions a cell undergoes

Phase 2A Mehdi (6 decks)

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