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X-ray Practical - Toggle > APOM/ vertico-horizontal > Flashcards

APOM/ vertico-horizontal Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the projection name vertigo-horizontal?

A

b/c the central ray is projected between the vertical and horizontal film.

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2
Q

Why is the mouth open on this film?

A

To easily view the occipital-atlantal-axial complex

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3
Q

What is the primary purpose of this film?

A

Complete axis listing

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4
Q

What is the secondary purpose of this film?

A

The assumed atlas listing

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5
Q

What does the assumed atlas listing consist of ?

A

The last two letters of the listing.

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6
Q

How is the assumed atlas listing derived?

A

From the applicable 70% finding

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7
Q

The distance when taken is?

A

40”

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8
Q

The lines are exactly like which film? Except for which line?

A

Nasium

SBL

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9
Q

Why is the SBL different?

A

Constructed differently

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10
Q

How do you draw the OOL?

A

Find like dots in orbit and draw line.

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11
Q

How is SBL constructed.

A

Place dots on jugular processes. Draw line

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12
Q

If jugular processes are obscured, how would you draw the SBL?

A

Radio-dense area of the occiput.

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13
Q

Where on the radio-dense area of occiput would you draw these?

A

Base of occiput, lateral to the condyle. “V’s” coming off the occiput.

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14
Q

Where are the jugular processes?

A

Lateral to the condyles

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15
Q

The jugular processes serve as insertion point for which muscle?

A

Rectus capitis lateralis

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16
Q

The rectus capitis lateralis originates from where?

A

Atlas transverse process.

17
Q

How is IBL drawn?

A

Lateral inferior tips of lateral masses, draw line

18
Q

Where is the + drawn from?

A

Btw condyle tips

19
Q

The + represents what?

A

Center of neural canal.

20
Q

Before drawing the VML what should you do?

A

Place dots on center base of odontoid and where lamina meets on superior aspect of spinous process.

21
Q

How do you draw VML?

A

Place parallel perpendicular to OOL and draw through center of + sign to the IBL.

22
Q

How do you determine spinous rotation component of listing?

A

Compare bottom dot to top dot of odontoid.

23
Q

What will the spinous listing be?

A

Either spinout right/left - body pivot

24
Q

How do you determine entire segment component?

A

Compare top dot to VML

25
Q

What is ES listing look like?

A

ESL or ESR

26
Q

How do you determine major component?

A

Compare distance from spinous to odontoid dot to the distance from odontoid dot to VML.

27
Q

How do you show major component on listing?

A

With an asterisk

28
Q

How do you get the assumed atlas listing?

A

Measure the laterality along IBL like you did on Nasium.

29
Q

Why is it “assumed” atlas listing?

A

Because were are assuming it is derived from the 70% rule.

30
Q

What is the 70% rule for APOM?

A

SBL and IBL converge to the side of atlas anterior rotation and/or SBL and IBL diverge to side of posterior rotation.

31
Q

If there is a measured laterality and the SBL and IBL are not parallel to one another the finding would be what?

A

LP, LA, RP, RA

32
Q

If the SBL and the IBL are parallel to one another and there is a measured laterality, the finding would be what?

A

R or L

33
Q

If the SBL and IBL are not parallel and no measured laterality, the finding would be what?

A

Right side has rotated to the anterior/posterior side or
Left side has rotated to the posterior/anterior
(depending of the side of convergence/divergence - findings must be written out)

34
Q

When the atlas and the axis rotate in the same direction is what?

A

A constant

35
Q

In a content, what should doctor adjust?

A

Greatest misaligned vertebra.

36
Q

When the atlas and the axis rotate in opposite directions is what?

A

A variable

37
Q

When it is variable which vertebra should be adjusted?

A

Atlas

38
Q

If you adjust the axis in a variable situation what happens?

A

Can increase rotational component of atlas listing putting more torsion on the cord area.

39
Q

What is it considered if there is no rotation?

A

non-applicable

X-ray Practical - Toggle (5 decks)

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