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API510 > API572 > Flashcards

API572 Flashcards

1
Q

Magnetic flux scanning techniques are also available that provide a fast qualitative technique for the detection of corrosion losses on large surface areas for vessels up to

A

0.5 in. (1.3 cm) wall thickness.

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2
Q

Radiographs are taken with a ______of known thickness that will show on the developed film of the vessel part in question.

A

step gauge

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3
Q

API 510 recognizes that corrosion rate, corrosion allowances, rerating, and component assessment by __________ methodology may all be used to establish retirement and next inspection criteria

A

ASME BPVC Section VIII, Division 2,

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4
Q

API 510 contains additional guidance

A

on the rating of pressure vessels.

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5
Q

The consequence of possible failure of such parts should be considered when setting these limits. What limtis

A

minimum thickness values

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6
Q

Safety is the prime factor affecting

A

retiring thickness

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7
Q

Excessive heat, mechanical shock, corrosion of reinforcing steel, or the freezing of entrapped moisture can cause

A

cracking in and around supports.

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8
Q

Cracks in concrete or fireproofing may be caused by (5)

A

excessive heat, poor design or material, mechanical shock, or unequal settlement.

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9
Q

Taking diameter measurements at several points approximately ________ apart can check distortion of cylindrical skirts

A

60° (1.0 radian)

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10
Q

The inside surface of a skirt sheet is often subject to attack by

A

by condensed moisture,

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11
Q

Fireproof inspection method (2)

A
  1. Visual examination aided by scraping will disclose most defects
  2. Very light taps with a hammer will disclose lack of bond between concrete fireproofing and the protected steel.
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12
Q

Catalytic reformer equipment operating at temperature more than _____may experience creep embrittlement damage during operation.

A

900 °F(482 °C)

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13
Q

Recommended resistance is ____ohms or less, and resistanceis not to exceed 25 ohms.

A

5 ohms

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14
Q

Inspection for CUI should be considered for externally insulated vessels subject to moisture ingress and that operate between __________) for carbon and low-alloy steels, and _____________ for austenitic stainless steels, or are in intermittent service. This inspection may require removal of some insulation. However, visual inspection at ports used for thickness measurement loc

A

10 °F (-12 °C) and 350 °F (175 °C

140 °F (60 °C) and 400 °F (205 °C)

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15
Q

Under normal conditions, at least ____measurement in each shell ring and one measurement on each head should be taken.

A

one

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16
Q

Inspect vessels in cyclic service at external supports using either_____(2) for fatigue cracking.

A

PT or MT

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17
Q

Certain types of corrosion may be found on external surfaces of a vessel. Among these are (4)

A

atmospheric corrosion, caustic embrittlement, hydrogen blistering, and soil corrosion.

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18
Q

ATM corrosion

A

In humid areas and in areas where corrosive chemical vapors are present in the air, corrosion of external shell surfaces may be a problem. Vessels operating in a temperature range that will permit moisture to condense are most susceptible. Corrosion of this type is usually found by visual inspection

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19
Q

caustic embrittlement

A

This type of attack is most likely to occur at connections for internal heating units and in areas of residual or other high stress. The more susceptible areas are around nozzles and in or next to welded seams. Frequently, visual inspection will disclose this type of attack. The caustic material seeping through the cracks will often deposit white salts that are readily visible.

MT (wet or dry), PT, and angle beam UT may also be used to check for caustic embrittlement.

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20
Q

hydrogen blistering

A

areas below the liquid level in vessels that contain acidic corrosion products are more likely to be subject to hydrogen blistering. Hydrogen blistering is typically found on the inside of a vessel. However, hydrogen blisters may be found on either the ID or OD surface, depending on the location of the void that causes the blistering. Blisters arefound most easily by visual examination. A flashlight beam directed parallel to the metal surface will sometimes reveal blisters. When many small blisters occur, they can often be found by running the fingers over the metal surface.

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21
Q

soil corrosion.

A

The most severe corrosion will usually be found between ground level and up to several inches below. Visual examination, supplemented by picking and tapping, will disclose most faults. This corrosion will be particularly intense in areas where cinder fills were used or where acid splash-over has occurred.

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22
Q

Unless readily visible, leaks are best found by (2)

A

pressure or vacuum testing the vessel.

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23
Q

If visual inspection is not sufficient (often the case in the detection of amine and deaerator cracking), ____(7) analysis may be used to locate and provide additional information on the structural significance of cracks or other discontinuities

A

wet or dry MT, angle beam UT, PT, or acoustic emission .

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24
Q

The wet fluorescent magnetic particle technique (WFMPT) analysis is ____sensitive than dry MT techniques

A

more

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25
Q

A check of the skin temperature of the metal in the hot spot area can be made by using a (4)

A

portable thermocouple,
infrared equipment, or
temperature-indicating crayons or
special paints.

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26
Q

Using replication techniques or taking a material sample (a boat or other sample) should be considered if carbon steel temperatures were in the range of________

A

750 °F to 1000 °F

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27
Q

depending on operating conditions and alloy , or if temperatures in the creep range are suspected, an experienced

A

metallurgist or engineer should be consulted.

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28
Q

Austenitic stainless steels are particularly susceptible to (2)

A

polythionic acid stress corrosion cracking (PASCC)
and
chloride corrosion

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29
Q

Areas of the vessel opposite inlet nozzles maybe subject to (2)

A

impingement attack or erosion.

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30
Q

Vessels in water service, such as exchangers or coolers, are subjected to maximum corrosion where the water temperatures are

A

highest.

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31
Q

corrosion may occur where dissimilar metals are in

A

close contact.

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32
Q

Cracks in vessels are most likely to occur where there are sharp changes in shape or size or near welded seams, especially if ______is applied.

A

high stress

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33
Q

When materials flow at high velocities in exchanger units, an ________can be expected if changes are made in the direction of flow.

A

accelerated attack

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34
Q

Shells of vessels _____to inlet impingement plates are susceptible to erosion

A

adjacent

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35
Q

If large areas are deeply corroded, _____may be necessary.

A

abrasive blasting

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36
Q

_______ of the vessel should be inspected for corrosion, erosion, hydrogen blistering, deformation, cracking, and laminations.

A

All areas

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37
Q

Pitting corrosion can usually be found by scratching suspected areas with a __________

A

pointed scraper.

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38
Q

When cracks are suspected or found, their extent can be checked with (2)__NDE_______.

A

PT or MT (wet or dry) techniques.

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39
Q

_______inspection methods provide a volumetric inspection of potential flaw areas.

A

Angle beam UT

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40
Q

The most sensitive method of locating surface cracking is the ______method. Other valuable methods are the dry MT, PT, UT, or radiographic methods.

A

WFMPT

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41
Q

Examination for cracking should include pressure boundary welds and heat-affected zones up to ___ from the welds.

A

4”

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42
Q

____ is the primary recommended internal examination method for Deaerators . Other techniques include ACFM and surface eddy current.

A

WFMPT

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43
Q

Erosion is characterized by a ________ marked absence of the erosion product, and metal loss,

A

smooth, bright appearance,

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44
Q

Areas directly above and below the liquid level in vessels with a process containing acidic components may be subject to

A

hydrogen blistering

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45
Q

High-temperature hydrogen attack (HTHA) is a damage mechanism that reduces the______ and___(2) of steel by a high temperature reaction of absorbed hydrogen with carbon in the steel resulting in decarburization and internal fissuring.

A

strength and ductility

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46
Q

Shell and tray surfaces in contact with tray packing should be examined for possible _________

A

loss of metal by corrosion.

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47
Q

MT inspection cannot be used on ____materials.

A

austenitic

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48
Q

metallic liner inspection (2)

A
  1. UT thickness instrument.

2. remove a small section and check it with calipers

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49
Q

Bulges and buckling often occur in metallic linings and usually indicate that _____or ____exist in the bulged section of the lining or that ____ exist in the adjacent welds.

A

cracks or leaks / pin holes

50
Q

The bulges are formed either by the expansion or buildup of a material that seeps behind the lining during operation or by __________

A

differential thermal expansion.

51
Q

An AUT can provide the most reliable NDE of flaws detected in the lining or base material. Although these techniques can be applied at ambient or elevated vessel temperatures, flawsizing is most accurate at or near __________

A

ambient temperatures.

52
Q

Removal of representative lining sections to permit visual examination of the vessel wall is always

A

preferred if feasible.

53
Q

(3) are all indications that openings exist in the non metallic lining.

A

Bulging, blistering, and chipping

54
Q

Considerable care should be exercised when working inside vessels lined with (4)________. These coatings are highly susceptible to mechanical damage.

A

glass, rubber, plastic sheets, or paint

55
Q

. Bulging can be located visually and is usually accompanied by __________

A

cracking.

56
Q

The sound and feel of ______ on loose concrete lining usually make such looseness evident.

A

light hammer tapping

57
Q

_____examination will reveal most mechanical damage (dents, gouges, and cracks).

A

Visual

58
Q

ET, alternating current field measurement, and UT methods are available for the detection of ________

A

surface breaking flaws.

59
Q

(2) are used to analyze flaws, usually in welded seams, that are not visible on the surface of the metal.

A

Radiography and angle beam UT

60
Q

(3)_______ are three methods of detecting metallurgical changes.

A

Hardness, chemical spot, and magnetic tests

61
Q

_____ can be used to detect faulty heat-treating, carburization, nitriding, decarburization, and other processes that cause changes in hardness.

A

Portable hardness testers

62
Q

It is not recommended to hammer test objects under

A

pressure.

63
Q

_______analysis has been developed for use in conjunction with pressure testing or during equipment cooldown

A

acoustic emission

64
Q

(2) methods should be used on major repairs, and if required by the applicable construction code, (2) should also be performed.

A

MT and PT / radiographic, or angle beam UT examination

65
Q

The two most common types of trays are _____

A

cascade trays are shed trays and disk/donut trays.

66
Q

sieve trays can be subdivided into (2)

A

single-flow and dual-flow trays.

67
Q

Dual-flow trays are customarily used for processes that exhibit______

A

heavy fouling due to the formation of precipitates or polymers.

68
Q

Valve trays can be subdivided into (2)

A

fixed valve and floating valve trays. .

69
Q

Bubble caps remain in service throughout the industry in systems where ____liquid flow rates and ____variations in vapor flow and resistance to heavy fouling are required.

A

low / high

70
Q

packing has the advantage of being able to handle ____liquid rates with _____efficiencies and with lower-pressure drop than all but the newest of the high-capacity trays

A

larger / higher

71
Q

Most structured packing isinstalled such that each succeeding layer is ____ out from the previous layer

A

90°

72
Q

structured packing provides ____capacity and ____pressure drop than crosscurrent trays or random packing.

A

higher / lower

73
Q

Skirt Fireproofing—Any crack over ____in. in width, and any crack that has displacement or bulging of theconcrete fireproofing material should be investigated for corrosion under fireproofing (CUF).

A

0.250

74
Q

Preliminary, or “dirty inspections” should be performed upon opening th eexternal manways, before

A

whatever forced ventilation is to be installed is installed.

75
Q

what metal is more prone to denzintification

A

brass

76
Q

Portable hardness testers can be used to detect faulty (4)

A

heat-treating, carburization, nitriding, decarburization, and other processes that cause changes in hardness.

77
Q

Hardness, chemical spot, and magnetic tests are three methods of detecting

A

metallurgical vchanges.

78
Q

The use of NDE devices for inspection is subject to safety requirements customarily in_______ The use of hydrocarbon-based magnetic particle (MT) and/or liquid penetrant (PT) can change the environment of a confined inspection space.

A

gaseous atmospheres.

79
Q

Cracks in concrete or fireproofing may be caused by (4)

A

excessive heat, poor design or material, mechanical shock, or unequal settlement.

80
Q

hair-like appearance. on concrete, Such cracks are _______serious unless they expose the steel to corrosion.

A

not usually

81
Q

Distortion of anchor bolts may indicate serious

A

foundation settlement.

82
Q

_____may also be used to test bolts

A

UT

83
Q

_______ is one of the best methods of protecting steel structures from corrosion.

A

Galvanizing

84
Q

GUy wire inspection? (2)

A

Visual examination /

AUT inspection is typically necessary to scan the entire length of guy wires for condition and proper loading.

85
Q

Guy wires clips should be spaced at least _____ apart to insure maximum holding power.

A

six rope diameters

86
Q

If there is any evidence of distortion or cracks in the area around the nozzles,_______

A

all seams and the shell in this area should be examined for cracks.

87
Q

(3)are the types of paint failures usually found.

A

Rust spots, blisters, and film lifting

88
Q

_________(Paint failure type) is not easily seen unless the film has bulged appreciably or has broken.

A

Film lifting

89
Q

The most likely spots to search for paint failure are in _____, in constantly moist areas, and at welded or riveted vessel seams.

A

crevices

90
Q

(2) methods can provide an on-stream assessment of areas with high moisture and can provide a screening assessment for CUI.

A

Neutron backscatter / Thermography

91
Q

Under normal conditions, at least one measurement in each (2) should be taken.

A

shell ring and one measurement on each head

92
Q

areas below the liquid level in vessels that contain acidic corrosion products are more likely to be subject to

A

hydrogen blistering.

93
Q

(3) ________ require thorough cleaning over wide areas.

A

Extensive cracking, deep pitting, and extensive weld damage

94
Q

The bottom head and shell of fractionators processing high-sulfur crude oils are susceptible to _______

A

sulfide corrosion.

95
Q

Cracks occurs (4)

A

a) attachment weld(s) of an internal component,
b) main weld seams,
c) gasket grooves (ring joint-flanges),
d) nozzle attachment welds

96
Q

When damage is slight, ______may be sufficient on small vessels, but more measurements should be taken on large vessels.

A

one thickness measurement on each head and each shell course

97
Q

When damage appears to be widespread, ______assure an accurate determination of the remaining thickness.

A

enough readings should be taken to

98
Q

Shells of vessels _____to inlet impingement plates are susceptible to erosion.

A

adjacent

99
Q

Vessels in water service, such as exchangers or coolers, are subjected to maximum corrosion where the water temperatures are

A

highest.

100
Q

REboiler - The point where the _____ stream returns to the tower may be noticeably corrode

A

hot process

101
Q

wet hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or cyanide environments are susceptible to cracks in their (2) _______

A

welds and weld heat-affected zones.

102
Q

vessels where sludge may settle out, _____corrosion sometimes occurs.

A

concentration cell

103
Q

welds in vessels constructed (2) ______should be checked for cracks

A

of high-strength steels [(above 70,000 lbf/in.2
tensile (483 MPa)]
OR
coarse-grain steels

104
Q

tower trays primary NDE?

A

visual (UT if needed)

105
Q

Erosion or corrosion at the baffles of exchangers will often show up as a series of regularly spaced rings when a _________to the shell surface.

A

flashlight beam is place parallel

106
Q

Areas directly above and below the liquid level in vessels with a process containing acidic components may be subject to

A

hydrogen blistering

107
Q

Out-of-roundness can be caused by _________

A

welding

108
Q

Deaerators in boiler feedwater systems can be susceptible to _____from a corrosion fatigue mechanism

A

cracking

109
Q

hydrocrackers and hydrotreaters, use complete weld overlay that uses stabilized ________

A

austenitic stainless steel

110
Q

Bulging can be located visually and is usually accompanied by ________

A

cracking.

111
Q

breaks in coating are sometimes called

A

holidays.

112
Q

the _____method of inspection for leaks in paint, glass, plastic, and rubber linings

A

spark tester

113
Q

excess thickness of the shell or head plates is used

A

by the designer as nozzle reinforcement

114
Q

lined vessels are sometimes subject to severe corrosion due to

A

condensation on the shell behind the insulation

115
Q

pressure tested for (3)

A

integrity and tightness and redistribution at defects

116
Q

pneumatically, a (2)______ should be used to aid visual inspection.

A

UT leak detector or soap solution or both

117
Q

min test temp for <2” and >2”

A
  1. 10F ABOVE MDMT

2. 30F ABOVE MDMT

118
Q

min test temp for <2” and >2”

A
  1. 10F ABOVE MDMT

2. 30F ABOVE MDMT

119
Q

when testing a floating-head exchanger with the pressure in the TUBES, removal of the shell cover will reveal the source if the leak is in (3)

A

the gasket, stay bolts, or tube rolls at the floating head.

120
Q

when testing a floating-head exchanger with the pressure in the SHELL, removal with the channel cover off will reveal leaking

A
  1. tube rolls at the stationary tubesheet, but will not clearly identify the source of leakage at floating tubesheet rolls or floating head gasket leaks.

API510 (6 decks)

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