APHUG VOCAB WORDS Flashcards
Emigration
the act of leaving one’s own country to settle permanently in another
Environmental degradation
the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil
Immigration
the action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country.
Population distribution
the spread of people across the world
Industrial revolution
the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States
Agricultural density
the number of farmers per unit area of farmland
Arable land
land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops
Arithmetic density
the number of people per unit area of land
Ecumene
portion of earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement
Intervening obstacle
an environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration
Intervening opportunity
a feature that causes a migrant to choose a destination other than his original one
Physiological density
the number of people per unit area of arable land
Pull factor
something that attracts people to go and live in a particular place
Push factor
something that makes people want to leave a place or escape from a particular situation
Carrying capacity
the maximum number of people who can be realistically sustained by the geography of that area
Overpopulation
when a region has exceeded its carrying capacity
Replacement-fertility level
the total fertility rate at which a population exactly replaces itself
Age/sex ratio
describes the ages and number of males and females within a given population
Population pyramid
A model used to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population
Zero population growth
the maintenance of a population at a constant level
Crude birth rate
the total number of live births per 1,000 people
Crude death rate
the number of deaths in a per 1,000 people
Demography
the study of human populations and the process through which populations change.
Doubling time
the time it takes for a population to double in size
Fecundity
the ability to produce an abundance of offspring
Fertility
the ability to conceive children or young
Infant mortality rate
the number of infant deaths for every 1,000 live births
Medical revolution
medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa
Mortality
the state of being subject to death
Rate of natural increase
the difference between the number of live births and the number of deaths occurring in a year
Total fertility rate
the average number of children that would be born to a woman
Demographic transition model
shows population change over time
Epidemiologic transition
the changing patterns of disease and causes of death seen in human history
Pro-natalist policies
a population policy which aims to encourage more births
Anti-natalist policy
a population policy which aims to discourage births
Contraception
the deliberate use of artificial methods or other techniques to prevent pregnancy
Dependency ratio
measure of the number of dependents aged zero to 14 and over the age of 65, compared with the total population aged 15 to 64
Graying population
the fact that a population is steadily becoming more dominated by older people
Life expectancy
the average time a human is expected to live
Asylum seeker
a person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another
Chain migration
the social process by which migrants from a particular town follow others from to a particular destination
Forced migration
the involuntary movement of a person or people away from their home or home region
Guest worker
a person with temporary permission to work in another country
Internally displaced person
someone who is forced to flee their home but who remains within their country
Refugee
a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster
Step migration
a migration pattern in which rural inhabitants move closer to urban areas
Transhumance
the action of moving livestock from one grazing ground to another in a seasonal cycle
Transnational migration
a process of movement and settlement across international borders
Voluntary migration
migration based on one’s free will and initiative
Brain drain
the emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country
Net migration
the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants
Natural hazard
a natural phenomenon that might have a negative effect on humans and animals
Internal migration
human migration within a nation
Unauthorized immigrant
the migration of people into a country in violation of the immigration laws of that country
Urban
belonging to a town or city
