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Aphasia > Aphasia Classification > Flashcards

Aphasia Classification Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four models of language?

A

neuropsychological model
computational model
contemporary neurobiological modals
connectionist model (classification systems)

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2
Q

What model is most frequently used today and across the world?

A

Classical associative connectionist
(connectionist model)

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3
Q

the classical associative connectionist model is a paradigm that assumes the existence of language centers located in discrete regions of the brain:

A

Wernicke’s area (posterior center) and Broca’s area (anterior center)

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4
Q

Wernicke’s area (posterior center):

A

holds auditory language representation
a lesion in this center impairs auditory comprehension and influences speech production

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5
Q

Broca’s area (anterior center):

A

holds speech motor representations
a lesion in this center disrupts spoken word production, but leaves auditory comprehension intact (just a theory) - impacts the way they are talking, planning, and programming issues

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6
Q

a lesion/disruption of the arcuate fasciculus connecting posterior and anterior language centers is assumed to cause:

A

auditory repetition deficits (e.g., conduction aphasia)

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7
Q

The classical associative connectionist model has been influential in both neurological aphasiology and clinical aphasiology despite considerable criticism on _______ and _______ grounds.

A

linguistic and anatomical

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8
Q

No fluency, no comprehension, no repetition =

A

global aphasia

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9
Q

No fluency, has comprehension, has repetition =
(no, yes, yes)

A

transcortical motor aphasia

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10
Q

No fluency, has comprehension, no repetition =
(no, yes, no)

A

Broca’s aphasia

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11
Q

No fluency, has comprehension, has repetition =
(no, yes, yes)

A

Transcortical motor aphasia

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12
Q

Fluent, no comprehension, no repetition =
(yes, no, no)

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

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13
Q

Fluent, no comprehension, repetitive =
(yes, no, yes)

A

Transcortical sensory aphasia

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14
Q

Fluent, has comprehension, no repetition =
(yes, yes, no)

A

Conduction aphasia

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15
Q

Fluent, has comprehension, repetitive =

A

Anomic aphasia

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16
Q

The key limitation of the dominant connectionist paradigm:

A

Only about 30% of aphasic individuals fit neatly into these categories

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17
Q

There is some predictability of certain ______/________ functions and their association regions of the brain.

A

speech/language

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18
Q

But, there are problems with categorization:

A

different people use different classification systems
it’s hard to fit many patients into one category

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19
Q

“The term aphasia applies to _______-_______ ________ - not to the anatomy, physiology, or cognitive mechanism.

A

language-specific behaviors

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20
Q

Cognitive Neuropsychological Model

A

Language is no longer understood in terms of anatomical functions but instead as several identifiable processing components leading to the end point = word production

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21
Q

Cognitive Neuropsychological Model:
The study of individuals with brain injury can inform our understanding of:

A

normal language processes

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22
Q

Cognitive Neuropsychological Model:
Brain damage can disrupt a model or processing component selectively, leaving other components to operate:

A

normally

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23
Q

Cognitive Neuropsychological Model:
Provide a framework for:

A

assessment and treatment

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24
Q

study Cognitive Neuropsychological Model

A
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25
Q

Computational Models

A

Holds that various aspects of language can be represented as patterns of activity over interconnected sets of simple neuronlike processing units that occur in a competitive and cooperative fashion.

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26
Q

Computational Model:
Patterns of activity within this architecture are enabled through differentially weighted ____________ between _____.

A

connections between units

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27
Q

Computational Model:
a word is linked to specific processing _________

A

unit/node

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28
Q

Computational Model:
have been used to model:

A

aphasic errors (e.g., paraphasias)

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29
Q

Study computation model (dell’s spreading activation model of speech production)

A
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30
Q

Contemporary Neurobiological Models of Language

A

the brain works more like a dynamic network with plasticity

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31
Q

Contemporary Neurobiological Models of Language:
Gray and white matter are:

A

part of the same interactive process; (cortices and white matter as a network)

32
Q

Contemporary Neurobiological Models of Language:
Dual Stream Model has 2 major pathways

A

dorsal stream and ventral stream

33
Q

Contemporary Neurobiological Models of Language:
dorsal stream:

A

supported mainly by the superior longitudinal fasciculus and arcuate fasiculus
is associated with phonological processing

34
Q

Contemporary Neurobiological Models of Language:
ventral stream:

A

supported mainly by the inferior fronto-occipital fasiculus
is associated with semantic processing

35
Q

Contemporary Neurobiological Models of Language:
FAT (Frontal Aslant Tract)

A

connecting the supplementary motor area to the Broca’s area
plays a role in driving and initiating speech

36
Q

the connectionist classification system was adopted by…

A

aphasia diagnostic standardized batteries (e.g., Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination; Western Aphasia Battery)

37
Q

the connectionist classification system is commonly used by…

A

professionals serving patients with aphasia

38
Q

the connectionist classification system is termed “connectionist” model because of…

A

the inherent assumption that the various aphasic subtypes reflect disruption of specific brain centers or the connections between these centers
(Broca’s, Wernicke’s, Conduction, Global, Transcortical Sensory, Transcortical Motor, Transcortical Mixed/Isolation)

39
Q

a brain lesion in the anterior/frontal lobe region:

A

nonfluent, expressive aphasia

40
Q

a brain lesion in the posterior region:

A

fluent, receptive aphasia

41
Q

Fluent speech:

A
  • relatively well- preserved fluency (speech is abundant - are talking and using long sentences, verbal output range of 100-200 words per minute, normal phrase length of 5 to 8 words per minute)
  • no trouble with grammar
  • precise articulation
  • normal prosody
  • normal auditory comprehension
  • meaningless words
42
Q

Non-fluent speech:

A
  • excessive slow rate of speech
  • speaking effort, halting, struggle, facial grimaces, and hand gestures
  • limited phrase length (4 or fewer words per phrase, telegraphic speech, speak in short chunks)
  • abnormal prosody, lack of intonation and rhythm, monotonous or choppy speech
  • difficulty initiating speech
  • grammatical problems
43
Q

patients with aphasia have also been classified according to degree of comprehension deficit:

A

receptive aphasia and expressive aphasia

44
Q

receptive (Wernicke’s) aphasia

A
  • used to describe the language characteristics of significantly impaired auditory comprehension and reading comprehension
  • when someone is able to speak well and use long sentences, but what they say may not make sense
45
Q

expressive (Broca’s) aphasia:

A
  • denotes relatively spared language comprehension but compromised language output abilities
  • is difficult to produce speech
46
Q

Fluent aphasias:

A
  • Wernicke’s aphasia
  • Conduction aphasia
  • Anomic aphasia
  • Transcortical Sensory aphasia
47
Q

Non-fluent aphasias:

A
  • Broca’s aphasia
  • Global aphasia
  • Transcortical Motor aphasia
  • Transcortical Mixed or Isolation aphasia
48
Q

Is Wernicke’s aphasia fluent or non-fluent?

A

Fluent

49
Q

What regions of the brain are affected if there is a lesion to Wernicke’s area?

A

usually left posterior and temporal lobe - often extending up into parietal lobe

50
Q

Is auditory comprehension good or impaired with Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

impaired/poor auditory comprehension

51
Q

Does Wernicke’s aphasia have poor or good word finding/retrieval skills?

A

poor word finding/word retrieval (“empty speech”)
- naming and repetition impaired
- speech may be filled up with general/filler words (“this,” “that,” “stuff,” “thing”)

52
Q

Good or impaired repetition skills in Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

impaired repetition skills

53
Q

What is meant by fluent speech in Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Little meaning conveyed
(paraphasiaas, neologistic jargon, relative lack of awareness of errors)

54
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia characteristics:
Paraphasias (substitutions, unintended utterances)

A
  • Verbal/non-semantic:unrelated word substitutions (pencil/dog)
  • Semantic: related word substitution (cat/dog)
  • Phonemic/literal: sound substitution (pog/dog, log/dog)
55
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia characteristics:
Jargon (utterances don’t make sense)

A
  • Extended English jargon
  • Neologistic jargon (not real English words) - Neologisms (make up a word that has no meaning)
56
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia characteristics:
Logorrhea or press of speech

A
  • abnormal speech fluency (excessive speech output)
  • rapid rate of speech
57
Q

more Wernicke’s aphasia characteristics:

A
  • normal prosodic and generally intact grammatical forms
  • impaired reading comprehension and writing skills
  • perseverations
58
Q

other characteristics of Wernicke’s aphasia:

A
  • normal articulation (no AOS present)
  • turn taking problems
  • difficulty maintaining topic
  • lack of insight into their disability (not fully aware)
  • lack of frustration in failed to communicate
  • not hemiplegic
59
Q

Is conduction aphasia fluent or non-fluent?

A

Fluent

60
Q

Lesions to what area of the brain cause conduction aphasia?

A

lesion to lower parietal lobe
involves arcuate fasciculus, supramarginal gyrus, or small part of Wernicke’s area

61
Q

The hallmark of conduction aphasia is the:

A

inability to repeat or imitate speech

62
Q

Conduction aphasia:
is auditory comprehension good or impaired?

A

auditory comprehension is impaired, but often only mildly (better recognition of errors/better self-monitoring, self-corrections)

63
Q

Characteristics of conduction aphasia:

A
  • word finding/naming problems
  • inability to repeat or imitate speech
  • impaired auditory comprehension
  • paraphasias
64
Q

Conduction aphasia:
Paraphasias

A
  • predominantly “phonemic” type
  • semantic and verbal paraphasias as well as neologisms may be present but they are less frequent or rare
65
Q

Conduction aphasia:
Many patients have good ______ length, ______, and ______ of language.

A

phrase, syntax, prosody

66
Q

Conduction aphasia:
problems with reading and writing?

A

variable

67
Q

Lesions to what area of the brain cause anomic aphasia?

A

lesion to angular gyrus area or lower temporal lobe

67
Q

Anomic aphasia:
What is the most common and recognized symptom of anomic aphasia?

A

word retrieval problems during spontaneous speech and difficulty naming when asked to name pictures or objects

68
Q

Anomic aphasia characteristics:

A
  • better auditory comprehension
  • thought formulation difficulties (struggle with train of thought)
  • repetition is usually intact or just mildly impaired
  • syntax is OK and normal articulation
  • normal or near normal oral reading and writing
  • paraphasias (verbal is more common)
69
Q

Lesions to what area of the brain cause transcortical sensory aphasia?

A

lesions to regions more posterior to Wernicke’s area, involving the angular gyrus

70
Q

does Transcortical Sensory Aphasia have good or bad repetition skills?

A

good repetition skills

71
Q

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia characteristics:

A

All characteristics of Wernicke’s aphasia but good repetition skills

72
Q

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia characteristics:

A
  • impaired/poor auditory comprehension
  • poor word finding/word retrieval (“empty speech”)
  • fluent speech (paraphasias, neologistic jargon, relative lack of awareness of errors)
  • paraphasias: substitutions, unintended utterances (verbal/non-semantic, semantic, phonemic/literal)
  • jargon
  • logorrhea or press of speech
73
Q

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia characteristics:

A
  • normal prosodic and and generally intact grammatical forms
  • impaired reading comprehension and writing skills
  • perseverations
  • normal articulation (no AOS present)
  • turn taking problems
  • difficulty maintaining topic
  • lack of insight into their disability (not fully aware)
  • lack of frustration in failed to communicate
  • not hemiplegic
74
Q

Non-Fluent Aphasias:

A
  • Broca’s
  • Global
  • Transcortical motor
  • Mixed Transcortical/Isolation Syndrome

Aphasia (6 decks)

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