APES Chapter 8 Soil & Soil Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q
Lithification, comes from the Greek word lithos, meaning
A) stone
B) light
C) paper
D) seawater
E) white
A

A

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2
Q

Diagenesis causes
A) a red rash on the elbow
B) miscalculations of circular core samples
C) photosynthesis in most upper ocean layers
D) lithification of sediment by physical & chemical processes
E) drought in some areas

A

D

Diagenesis is controlled by temperature & takes place @ temperatures around 200 Celsius degree in sedimentary rock

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3
Q
Which of the following is a common metamorphic rock type?
A) subjugate rock
B) slate
C) vermiculite
D) slant
E) magma
A

B

Other metamorphic rock types include schist, gneiss & marble

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4
Q
Metamorphic rock is known as a 
A) hard purple-colored rock
B) surface-only rock
C) chameleon of rock-types
D) good building material
E) brittle rock type
A

C
Internal heat from the Earth, overlying rock weight, & horizontal pressures from previously changed rock cause metamorphic rock changes

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5
Q
When several rock-stratigraphic units are stacked vertically, they are called a
A) metamorphic shelf
B) gneiss
C) lithification
D) vertical unit
E) formation
A

E

This layering can easily be seen in the Grand Canyon

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6
Q
When rock on the Earth's surface is worn away, it is called
A) foliation
B) metamorphism
C) exfoliation
D) sedimentation
E) coloration
A

C - It describes how atoms & layers are peeled away very slowly

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7
Q
Clastic sedimentary rocks are made up of
A) pieces of other rocks
B) gelatin from kelp
C) the hardest granites
D) boulders larger than 1meter across
E) petroleum distillates
A

A - these are formed from rocks carried from a different spot, weathered, & turned into new rocks.

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8
Q
Which of the following plays a big part in soil erosion?
A) fertilizer
B) conservation
C) tillage
D) plant type
E) Rainfall
A

C - breaking up large amounts of soil by tilling the land allows particles to erode.

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9
Q
Which process wears away existing rocks & produces lots of small rock?
A) lithification
B) sedimentation
C) compaction
D) weathering
E) concretion
A

D

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10
Q
Salt wedging, caused by the growth of salt crystals, is an important rock-breaking force in the
A) rain forest
B) mountains
C) ocean
D) plains
E) desert
A

E - when water evaporates, salt remains & slowly increases.

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11
Q
The following are all tools in soil conservation except for
A) cover crops
B) deforestation
C) planting of perennial plants
D) adding mulch
E) crop rotation
A

B - removing trees often involves disturbing the soil as well.

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12
Q
Which metamorphic rock is often used as a paving & building stone?
A) mica
B) marble
C) shale
D) sandstone
E) obsidian
A

B

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13
Q
Felsic & mafic are two types of 
A) metamorphic rock
B) clastic formations
C) sedimentary rock
D) igneous rock
E) multicolored clays
A

D - felsic rock has high levels of silica, and mafic rock has high levels of magnesium and iron (ferric) minerals.

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14
Q
What percentage of the world's land is at risk of desertification?
A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%
E) 50%
A

C

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15
Q
Pebbles surrounded by a covering of sand or mud is known as
A) a conglomerate
B) shale
C) granite
D) magma
E) igneous clay
A

A - this type has a mixed bumpy texture

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16
Q
The description of an area's land contours & surface features is called
A) geography
B) cartography
C) graphology
D) topography
E) photography
A

D - a topographical map shows specific features like rivers, canyons, & mountains.

17
Q
Pedocal, pedalfer, and laterite are three basic soil types based primarily on
A) elevation
B) soil type
C) water content
D) mineral base
E) climate
A

C -they are found in various climates with different rainfall amounts.

18
Q

Which soil horizon consists of a zone of accumulation, where ions transported by rainwater are reconnected to create new minerals?
A) horizon A
B) horizon B
C) horizon C
D) ions are not transported this way
E) mineralization occurs only in the topsoil.

A

B - horizon A (surface horizon) is a zone of leaching & oxidation, while horizon C (bottom horizon) is a zone of unconsolidated, weathered original rock.

19
Q

Sedimentary ?

A

Definition :

20
Q

Igneous?

A

Definition :

21
Q

Metamorphic?

A

Definition :

22
Q

Rock cycle?

A

Definition :

23
Q

Stratigraphy?

A

Definition :

24
Q

Lithology?

A

Definition :

25
Q

Magma?

A

Definition :

26
Q

Tectonic?

A

Definition :

27
Q

Geothermal gradient?

A

Definition :

28
Q

Weathering?

A

Definition :

29
Q

Dissolution?

A

Definition :

30
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Definition :

31
Q

Runoff?

A

Definition :

32
Q

Tillage?

A

Definition :

33
Q

Soil horizon?

A

Definition :

34
Q

Topography?

A

Definition :

35
Q

Desertification?

A

Definition :