APES Chapter 5 Earth Science Concepts

Question 1

Archaeologists record the top layers first, followed by older, deeper layers to study ancient settlements and cities following the
A) principle of original horizontality
B) principle of uniformitarianism
C) principle of superposition
D) principle of uniformity
E) principle of lateral continuity

Answer 1

C

The principle states that younger strata are deposited on top of older layers during normal deposition

Question 2

Because he figured out that sedimentary rock must have been compacted and compressed, over many ages, \_\_\_\_ is known as the father of modern geology
A) Richard Palmer
B) James Hutton
C) w.clayton Scott
D) Nicolas steno
E) Aubrey Hough

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Relationships between earth layers and soil samples are described by
A) tectonic time measurement
B) Jurassic time measurement
C) chronostatic time measurement
D) continental drift
E) subjective time measurement

Answer 3

C

Chronostatic time measurements are sequential

Question 4

When mount Vesuvius erupted in 79 A.D, most people were killed by
A) lava
B) pyroclastic flow
C) volcanic rock
D) poisonous volcanic gases
E) the hysterical crowd running toward the sea

Answer 4

D

During an eruption, searing hot and poisonous gases make breathing impossible

Question 5

The umbrella theory explaining the Earth's movement, contact, and flattening of large land plates is known as
A) the coriolis effect
B) plate tectonics
C) hot spots
D) the richter magnitude scale
E) the subduction zone

Answer 5

B

Contact, grinding, and flattening of large land plates is known as textonics

Question 6

Watered-layered sediments that thin to nothing at a shore or the area where first deposited are the subject of the
A) principle of uniformity
B) principle of original horizontality
C) second law of thermodynamics
D) principle of superposition
E) principle of lateral continuity

Answer 6

E

Originally layered equally in all directions, the grand canyon’s wall show this

Question 7

A volcano with little erosion and that may erupt at any time is classified as
A) active
B) dormant
C) high risk
D) sedimentary
E) extinct

Answer 7

B

A dormant volcano hasn’t erupted lately but may become active at any time

Question 8

Vibrations in the earth caused by cracks or shifts in the underlying rock are called
A) caldera
B) sedimentation
C) igneous activity
D) faults
E) seismic waves

Answer 8

E

Question 9

Where two crustal plates collide and one plate is forced under the other into the mantle, it is called a
A) hot spot
B) pressure zone
C) surface trace
D) subduction zone
E) sedimentary layer

Answer 9

D

Subduction zones can cause earthquakes and volcanism

Question 10

The principle of uniformitarianism includes the idea that
A) continental shifting and compression are possible across different regions
B) energy can neither be created nor destroyed
C) volcanoes can erupt even when quiet for 200 years
D) population growth is slow and the birth rate drops it around the death rate
E) primary consumers (I.e herbivores) consume plants and algae

Answer 10

A

Hutton thought surface changes happened slowly and the land was still changing.

Question 11

A huge layer of rock that drifts slowly over the supporting upper mantle layer is a 
A) caldera
B) hot spot
C) geological plate
D) tropical oasis
E) transform fault

Answer 11

C

Question 12

Ay solid material (rock or organic) that settles out from a liquid is known as 
A) sediment
B) ash
C) a biofuel
D) granite
E) cinders

Answer 12

A

Question 13

Love waves are a type of
A) primary seismic wave
B) surface wave
C) pyroclastic flow
D) folded rock
E) lapilli

Answer 13

B

The motion is at 90degree to wave direction and causes horizontal shearing

Question 14

The following are all time units of the geological time scale except
A) eons
B) eras
C) ages
D) periods
E) epochs

Answer 14

C

Ages is more a literary term for time than scientific

Question 15

Gravitational forces within the earth, as well as heat and radioactive element recycling in the molten core, take place
A) subduction
B) deflection
C) transformation
D) convection
E) divergent boundaries

Answer 15

D

Convection is affected by gravitational forces, as well as heat and radioactive recycling of elements in the molten core

Question 16

An ocean trench is formed along the
A) transform fault boundary of two colliding plates
B) mid-Atlantic ridge
C) distant edge boundary of two colliding pales
D) divergent boundary of two colliding plates
E) convergent boundary of two colliding plates

Answer 16

E

The clashing edges also cause volcano formation

Question 17

Primary waves, which bunch together and then move apart like an inchworm, are
A) the slowest seismic waves
B) the fastest seismic waves
C) known as Rayleigh waves
D) a type of surface wave
E) the only wave to move thru air

Answer 17

B
The speed of P waves depends on the types of matter they move thru (I.e. the denser the matter, the faster a P wave moves)

Question 18

The location directly above an earthquake hypocenter on the earth surface is the
A) epicenter
B) trench
C) hypercenter
D) surface trace
E) ridge

Answer 18

A

An epicenter is found by comparing the distance from various measuring stations

Question 19

A large earthquake occurs, on average, somewhere in the world each year of greater than
A) 1.5 magnitude
B) 2.0 magnitude
C) 4.0 magnitude
D) 5.2 magnitude 
E) 8.0 magnitude

Answer 19

E