Apartheid

Question 1

Formation of the ANC

Answer 1

Formed 1912
Go against Treaty of Vereeniging (political structure= white supremacy) - opposition to ppl of colour
ANC = political movement (elite blacks)
Fight against discrimination (peaceful measures) - went UK = black representation = unsuccessful
Parallel organisations:
African ppls organisation (Indians)

Question 2

Segregation laws prior 1948

Answer 2

11- mines + workers act ( blacks = unskilled labour)
13- native land act (reserved land for blacks = townships)
23- native (urban areas) act ( segregated black + white areas)
36 - representation of native act (limiting power of black ppl)

Question 3

Banbathu rebellion

Answer 3

Black farmers (natal) = refused tax
Chief Bambathu led rebellion
End = 1000s imprisoned ( leader died)

Question 4

ICU (industrial and commercial workers union)

Answer 4

Formed= deterioration of black workers + conditions
Became violent
African mine workers union + South African Miners Party = ICU
Split ANC = ICU members kicked out

Question 5

African Mine workers union

Answer 5

1935 list of grievances
Abolition = compound system
Better food
No contact system
10 pounds per month
8h working days
Freedom
Compensation = disease
Full pay = injured + sick

Which led to striking = dwindled

Question 6

Black miners strike

Answer 6

1943 - land down commission (investigated conditions black miners)
Requests:
-Increase min wages
-2 weeks paid leave per year
-100 pound bonus = work over 15 yrs
-Meetings a @ mines w/o permit
-Family housing
Strikes = recognition- all brutally suppressed
Reparations= increase wages, ease colour bar , pass concession laws

NP unhappy = concession = their victory therefore implementation = Apartheid

Question 7

Apartheid state

Answer 7

NP = control over state (removed coloured voter) + seats parliament = white
Laws:
50- population restriction act ( classified by race)
Mix marriages + immortality act (Prohibition of interracial marriage + sex )
Groups area act (segregation of public spaces)
53- Bantu education act (edu system= teach unskilled labour jobs=blacks)
61- Indemity act (violence against blacks)

Question 8

Defiance campaign

Answer 8

ANC defend speech = gov suppress communism
Successful stay at home day (no labour)
52 - defiance campaign launched = peaceful protests of disrupting infrastructure (overfill jails)

Question 9

Freedom charter

Answer 9

Albert Luthuli = head ANC (53- suppression of communism act)
Defiance campaign lost momentum
Alliance Indian congress + coloured ppls = new organisation = Fredom Charter
New Democratic constitution = police raid increased + 42 members banned
Final resistance to Apartheid

Question 10

Treason Trial

Answer 10

56 - gov uncovered dangerous treason conspiracy (overthrow gov + replace = communism)
156 members arrested + charged = highest treason
61- found not guilty (gov not break up ANC) + financial constraints due to trial

9 aug 61 - multiracial womens group took actions (FSAW)
Protested outside union buildings = pensions = laws against women

Question 11

Reconciliation day

Answer 11

16 dec 59- reconciliation day (ANC conference)
Anti pass campaign (PAC)
Leave passes at home (arrested + overfill jails) + burnt passes + surrendered to police
1st step = black ppls independence

Question 12

Sharpville massacre

Answer 12

PAC members marched police station (sharpville)
Stop bus transport (no one can leave)
Huge number of police officers standing outside = live ammunition
Saracen opened fire = 2 mins non stop fire = 60 killed +180 injured
No warning

International response
UN condemned police action
Investors withdrew

Gov reaction
Dr Verwoed condemned action
ANC + PAC detained 3 yrs
1) temp ban enforcement carrying passes
2) state of emergency
3) illegal belong banned organisations
4) ANC + PAc leaders Arrested

Question 13

Liliesleaf farm

Answer 13

Era of peaceful protests were over
61 - MK = overseas train by china + USSR (military)
Gov wanted arrest MK (no evidence)
SACP + MK bought farm = hideout
63- police raid = arrested these members
Blueprint = revolutionary Apartheid

Question 14

Treason Trial

Answer 14

63 - 10 leading opponents charged = sabotage
They used the court - testimony to unjust system
Verwoed gov = max sentence (death)
Accused were pleaded not guilty
Convicted life imprisonment
Bram Fisher = accused spreading communism (prevented death penalty)

International response :
Significant media coverage = apartheid = pressure - international
UN = document against death penalty
Isolated by international community (removed major sports tournaments basically what’s happening to Russia currently)