AP world unit 6 Flashcards
Qianlong
Chinese emperor who wrote a famous letter to British monarch that rejected British request for a less restricted trade route
China’s internal conflicts
- overpopulation
- Became unable to effectively perform many functions like tax collecting, social welfare
- Result: central government lost power to officials in the provinces and local landowners
bandit gangs
Oppose Qing dynasty bc of its foreign Manchu origins
Taiping Uprising
massive Chinese rebellion involving an odd form of Christianity; At one point they held Nanjing and threatened the Qing dynasty, but then gentry landowners crushed it; based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan.
Hong Xiuquan
Chinese religious leader who sparked the Taiping Uprising and won millions to his unique form of Christianity, according to which he himself was the younger brother of Jesus, sent to establish a “heavenly kingdom of great peace” on earth
Taiping uprising resolution
- more power to gentry
-intense conservatism
-civil war weaken economy
gentry
Wealthy landowning class
Opium War
War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government’s refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories; the victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.
Treaty of Nanjing
1842, ended Opium war, said the western nations would determine who would trade with china, so it set up the unequal treaty system which allowed western nations to own a part of chinese territory and conduct trading business in china under their own laws; this treaty set up 5 treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under their own laws; one of these were Hong Kong.
2nd Opium War
- imperial powers: economy struggle bc they were economically dominated by foreign powers who forced trade agreements
Self-strengthening
a policy promoted by reformers toward the end of the Qing dynasty under which China would adopt Western technology while keeping its Confucian values and institutions
Boxer Uprising
A group of Chinese formed a secret society called The Righteous Harmonious Fists, their goal was to drive out foreign devils who were polluting the land with non traditional [Chinese] ways; Chinese people who resent imperialism— especially Chinese conversion to Christianity
Sick Man of Europe
Western Europe’s unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans’ inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period.
Ottoman Fall
- central state weakened
-Janissaries lost military edge
-Europe got direct trade to Asia w/ Suez Canal
capitulation
agreements btw europe/ ottoman that grant west exemption from ottoman law/ tax
helped europe into their economy, eroded ottoman soverignty
Sultan Selim III
first to institue reforms known as Tazimat reforms that modernized the army and navy– the ulamas and janissaries dislike him; he was the first to attempt reforms in the Ottoman Empire
Tanzimat Reforms
Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876
Young Ottomans
Group of would-be reformers in the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of Westernizing reforms to the political system.
Young Turks
group who wanted to abandon Islam and practice secular (non-religious) governance
Mathew Perry
commodore of American navy who forced the Japanese to open their doors to US trade.
Shogun
A general who ruled Japan in the emperor’s name
Daimyo
A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai
Meiji Restoration
In 1868, a Japanese state-sposored industrialization and westernization effort that also involved the elimination of the Shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese Emperor, who had previously existed as mere spiritual/symbolic figure.
Japan changes post- Meiji restoration
Genuine national unity by eliminating the daimyo and samurai give up swords. 2. The Confucian based social order is eliminated 3. Adoption of European science and technology 4. Most importantly, state-guided industrialization
Anglo-Japanese Treaty
Acknowledged Japan as an equal player among the Great Powers of the world.
Russo-Japanese War
War between Russia and Japan; Japan wins and takes parts of Manchuria under its control.
WWI Causes
Nationalism, Imperialism, Alliance Systems, and Militarism all were causes of WWI along with the immediate cause–the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
